Citation

(2018), "Index", Crocker, R., Saint, C., Chen, G. and Tong, Y. (Ed.) Unmaking Waste in Production and Consumption: Towards the Circular Economy, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 339-353. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-619-820181026

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited

---

INDEX

Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” with numbers indicate notes.

Acid rain

, 227

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)

, 199

Actants

, 92, 95, 99, 100

Agile design

, 284

layer

, 285

methods

, 282

Agile fabrication layer

, 285

Agile material file

, 287–289, 292, 293

Agile material layer

, 285

Agile material systems

, 284–285

Agile X framework

, 285

Agri-Ash

, 78

Agricultural modernisation

, 20

Agricultural reuse

, 72

agronomic value of biosolids

, 73

direct application

, 72–74

estimated biosolids production by region

, 74

Airprex™

, 78

Ammonia nitrogen

, 304

concentration simulation in landscape water

, 305

Anaerobic digester (AD)

, 69

Anaerobic digestion

, 69–70

Annual Percent Change (APC)

, 51

Apeldoorn WWTP

, 70

Application programming interface (API)

, 286

Aquatic ecosystem

, 303

ArchiCAD

, 327

Architectural Desktop

, 327

Art and craft

, 195, 196

Artec 3D scanner

, 199

Artificial enhanced measures of water recycling

, 303

biological filters

, 304

constructed wetland

, 303–304

effect analysis of integrated measures

, 304

push-flow-aeration machines

, 303

Asi (handgrip tool)

, 201–203

Construction Waste Charges Ordinance in Thailand

, 233

construction waste regulations in Philippines

, 232–233

Assemblage

, 95

Assembly/product manufacture

, 332

Attitude–Behaviour Gap

, 160

Attitudes

, 36

economic

, 42

individual and social

, 41

variations in rank or incidence of behaviours by

, 166–169

Australian and New Zealand Biosolids Partnership (ANZBP)

, 73

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)

, 180

Australian Construction Industry

, 324–325

Australian MRIO tables

, 182

Australian regional waste footprints

disaggregation

, 186

environmental-economic accounts

, 180–181

model construction using IE Lab

, 182–183

regional waste footprints

, 183–186

WIO models

, 181–182, 187

Australian Renewable Energy Agency

, 72

Automobile manufacture

, 24

Automotive shredder residue (ASR)

, 262, 265

Bailment

, 147

Ballarat North WWTP in Victoria

, 75

Basic Act on Recycle-Based Society (2000)

, 232

Behaviour

, (see also Pro-environmental behaviour)

changing

, 43–44, 117, 137

compliance

, 162–163, 172

consumer

, 41, 124, 125, 127

individual and social

, 39

thoughtful consumption

, 163

variations in rank or incidence

, 166–169

Beijing, MSW management in

, 246–147

Bennett, Jane

‘Vibrant Matter’

, 84

Best–Worst choice experiment

, 164

Biocrude

, 72

Biodegradable organics in MSW

, 244–245

Biodiversity, loss of

, 227

Biogas

, 69

anaerobic digestion

, 69–70

co-digestion

, 70–71

methane yield of biomass

, 70

Biological filters

, 304

Biosolids

, 67

agricultural reuse

, 72–74

background and approach

, 68–69

blended and heat-treated products

, 74–75

chemical precipitation

, 78–79

nutrient recovery

, 76–77

policies and legislation

, 79–82

price of DAP fertilizer in Australia

, 77

renewable energy generation

, 69–72

thermochemical processes

, 77–78

Blended and heat-treated products

, 74–75

Boulding, Kenneth

‘Cowboy Economics’ concept

, 5

‘Spaceship Earth’ concept

, 5, 15

Brand reputation

, 148

Bright Sparks

, 146

Building industry

, (see Construction industry)

Building information modelling (BIM)

, 7, 282, 283, 324

in construction

, 326–327

Building products/DIY

, 282, 290

Business

, 108

ByeBuy! Shop

, 126, 129

CE and

, 131–137

and consumer paradigms

, 130–131

Californian Computer Conference

, 17

Capsule House

, 317

Carbon cycle

, 44n1

Carbon dioxide emission

, 230

Carbon dissolution

, 273

Carbon monoxide (CO)

, 269

Carbonaceous material/slag interaction and experiments

, 268

Carbonaceous materials

, 265

Carving

, 202

Cathode ray tubes (CRT)

, 151

rainwater utilisation methods in

, 298–299

Chemical precipitation

, 78–79

China

annual number of issued policies vs. APC

, 53

APC in GDP vs. APC in pollutant emission indicators

, 52

APC in GDP vs. APC in resource consumption indicators

, 51

CE evaluation indicator system

, 55–57

CE promotion law

, 55–58

experience from National CE pilot projects

, 60–61

future plans

, 61–62

Inter-Ministerial Joint Conference System

, 53–55

Investment and Financing Policy Measures

, 58

key policies and measures for developing CE

, 54

MSW management in

, 242–243

National Demonstration Bases for CE Education

, 58–59

organizing CE pilot projects

, 53

past-decade experiences

, 50

policies for promoting circular economy

, 49

Several Opinions of State Council on Accelerating Development of CE

, 51–52

special fund for CE development

, 59–60

strategy and action plan for CE development

, 60

success stories

, 62–64

values of GDP, resource consumption and pollutant emission indicators

, 52

zero waste in

, 229–230

China Australia Centre for Sustainable Urban Development (CACSUD)

, 4

China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC)

, 54, 58

China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC)

, 54, 58

Chlorobenzene

, 244

Chlorophenols

, 244

Circular Business Board

, 109

Circular by Design

, 104, 105, 108–113

extending material flow

, 113–116

extending material lifespan

, 117

extending material use

, 116

Circular by Design Canvas

, 110–113

reflection

, 117–118

Circular economy (CE)

, 1–3, 5, 9, 14, 35, 49, 69, 93, 104, 106, 107, 123–124, 143, 161, 214, 216, 217, 282

approach and methods

, 145

approach to sustainable consumption

, 124–126

and Byebuy! Shop

, 131

construction in

, 325–326

content analysis

, 231–232

designing

, 8

diminishing returns and increasing volumes

, 22–23

engagements with government and corporate sector

, 152–154

Environmentalism (1960s)

, 16–20

evaluation indicator system

, 55–57

implementation

, 49–50

interview

, 146

key policies and measures

, 54

materials efficiency

, 143–144

National Demonstration Bases for CE Education

, 58–59

organisations

, 144–145

organizing CE pilot projects

, 53

postwar political economy

, 20–22

promotion law

, 55–58

Repair Deli

, 137

role of formal institutions

, 227–228

slow market

, 136–137

social enterprises in

, 144, 146–152

‘Spaceship Earth’ (Boulding)

, 14–16

special fund for

, 59–60

strategy and action plan for CE development

, 60

Swap Shop and Story Exchange

, 132–136

zero waste in

, 228–230

Circular Innovation

, 112

within fashion and textile sector

, 105–107

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

, 58

Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act.

, 235

Clean Plate Campaign

, 249

Climate change

, 3

‘Closed-loop’ system

, 228–229

Cloud Computing

, 283

Co-creating value

, 137

Co-creation

, 6

Co-digestion

, 70–71

Coconut palm

, 194

COD

, 50, 304

concentration simulation in landscape water

, 305

emissions

, 61, 64

Coke

, 269

metallurgical

, 267, 268, 271

Collaborative CE promotion mechanism

, 60–61

Colour master-batches (CMB)

, 199

Combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP)

, 63

Commodity

, 127

exchanges

, 129

Commodity chain characteristic

of recycling centres

, 150

of small niche recycling initiatives

, 152

Community Recycling Network Australia (CRN Australia)

, 151

Community wastes

, 217–218

Community-oriented consumption (COC)

, 127

Competitive markets

, 39

Compliance behaviours

, 162–163, 172

Component subassembly

, 328

Composted biosolids

, 75

Composting

, 74

Computational systems theory

, 17

Computer aided design (CAD)

, 205, 207

Computerbank

, 146, 152

Constructed wetland

, 303–304

Construction

debris

, 217–218

waste regulations in Philippines

, 232–233

Construction industry

, 226, 283, 310

agile circular economy for

, 282

agile material systems

, 284–285

analysis

, 318–319

Australian

, 324–325

BIM and digital technologies in

, 326–327

in circular economy

, 325–326

creating synergy through SAIP

, 330–333

data representation

, 292

demonstration

, 290

design and development

, 287–290

design for disassembly

, 317–318

eBay concepts

, 289

IFC

, 288

limited functionality of program

, 291

mapping concepts

, 289

method

, 286

prefabrication in

, 327–328

RL in

, 328–330

solution objectives

, 286–287

specified condition

, 290

specified quantity

, 290

specified type

, 290–291

in UK

, 234

waste in

, 310–316

zero waste in

, 230–231

Construction supply chain (CLSC)

, 324

Consumer paradigms

, 130–131

Consumption

, 9, 14, 21, 23, 24, 26, 42, 181

Contemporary economies

, 136

Conventional ferrous materials

, 263

Cost benefit analysis

, 149

Council of the European Communities (CEC)

, 80

Counterculture

, 18

cybernetic ecology

, 16–18

Coupled systems

, 184

‘Cowboy economics’ (Boulding)

, 15

‘Cradle to cradle’ approach

, 18

Cradle to Cradle (McDonough & Braungart)

, 19, 42, 107, 161

Creative Pathways

, 205

project planning

, 206–208

technical facilities

, 206

Crystal Palace (1851)

, 317

Crystalactor™

, 78

Cultural diversity

, 126

Culture and tradition in Samoa

, 194

art and craft

, 195, 196

education

, 197

Fa’a Samoa

, 196–197

Mea Alofa

, 195

tourism industry

, 197, 198

tree of life

, 194–195

Curiosity

, 134

‘Cybernetic ecology’ (Brautigan)

, 16–18

Decision Regulatory Impact Statement (DRIS)

, 148

Deconstruction

, (see also Building industry), 229, 329

Decoupled systems

, 284

Deforestation

, 227

Democratisation

, 21–22

Demographics

, 163

variations in rank or incidence of behaviours by

, 166–169

Den Bosch WWTP

, 70

Desertification

, 227

Design

, 3, 5–8, 23

for disassembly

, 317–318

science methodology

, 286

Design and manufacture for deconstruction (DMfD)

, 324

Design for Deconstruction (DfD)

, 329

Designers

, 108

Destabilisation

, 26

Deterritorialisation

, 95

Diammonium phosphate (DAP)

, 73

Digital Project

, 327

Digital technologies

, 193, 324, 332

in construction

, 326–327

Diminishing returns

, 22–23, 37

Dioxins

, 244

Disassembly, design for

, 317–318

Disposal

, 161

in landfill

, 262

rate of MSW

, 242

technology in MSW

, 252–254

Dissolution of carbon into iron

, 272–273

Distributed recycling

, 192

Diverse economy

, 126, 144

Diverting waste

, 92–93

Dominant disposal technologies

, 243–245

Donation

, 165

DProfiler

, 327

Drying

, (see Heat-treatment)

E-fuel

, 77

E-waste collection schemes

, 144

Eaglehawk Recycle Shop

, 151

‘Earth Day’

, 15

eBay

, 8, 282, 289

API definitions for item condition

, 289

Eco-friendly water design, TJU New Campus

, 296–297

Ecological civilization (China)

, 5

Ecological initiatives

, 192

Economic attitudes, change in

, 42

Economic development

, 242

Economic value of textile waste

, 107

Economics

, 5

Economics assisting transition to CE

, (see also Circular economy (CE)), 36

changing behaviour and incentives

, 43

limited resources

, 37–38

market imperfections

, 39–43

Economy

, (see also Circular economy (CE)), 103–104, 144

Diverse Economies (Gibson-Graham)

, 126, 144

financial

, 137

gift

, 135

industrial

, 214

linear

, 15

postwar political

, 20–22

quality

, 137

resilient

, 126

Education

, 197

Electric arc furnace (EAF)

, 263–264

slag

, 271–272

Electrolytic pure iron

, 274

Electronic procurement (E-procurement)

, 273

Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF)

, 1, 2, 14, 124, 143

Embodied energy

, 313–314

End of life waste (E_w)

, 229

End-of-life tyres

, 275–276

End-of-life vehicles (ELVs)

, 262

Endeavour Foundation

, 151

Energy

in built environment

, 312–313

consumption

, 230

embodied

, 313–314

operational

, 313

recovery

, 244

recycling

, 316

total

, 314–315

EnerSludge™

, 71, 72

EnerTech Environmental

, 77

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPRSC)

, 107

ENVI-met model

, 296

Environment(al)

degradation

, 263

destruction

, 192

environmental-economic accounts

, 180

impact

, 181

management policy

, 50

regulations

, 228

Environmental Basic Act (1993)

, 232

Environmental Concern model

, 160

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

, 290

Water Engineering Research Laboratory

, 72

Environmental Protection Department in Hong Kong

, 226

Environmental Solutions International (ESI)

, 71

Environmental Sustainability Fund

, 233

Environmentalism

, 16

‘cybernetic ecology’

, 16–18

designing with nature

, 18–19

postwar

, 14

recycling and reuse

, 19–20

Environmentally extended input–output models (EEIO models)

, 180, 181, 187

Espressobar *K

, 183

Ethical and political consumption

, 128

European Commission

, 81

Sewage Sludge Directive (1986)

, 79–80

European Union (EU)

, 226, 325

EU Directive

, 80

regulations and Green building rating systems in

, 234

zero waste in

, 229–230

Externalities

, 40

Extra funding incentive in Singapore

, 233

charges for waste dumping in UK

, 234–235

polluter pay principle in Hong Kong

, 233–234

regulations and green building rating systems in EU

, 234

Extrusion

, 199

Fa’a Samoa

, 196–197

Facilitator

, 205

Fashion/textile SMEs

Circular by Design

, 108–113

circular innovation within sector

, 105–107

dialogue and insights from SMEs

, 113

economy

, 103–104

extending material flow

, 113–116

extending material lifespan

, 117

extending material use

, 116

fashion/textile designer

, 107

methods and approach

, 105

reflection on ’Circular by Design’ Canvas

, 117–118

sustainable design strategies

, 104–105

‘Feel-good’ scrap reclamation techniques

, 218–219

Field research

, 193–194

Filabot Reclaimer from Filabot

, 197–198

Financial economy

, 137

Flexibilisation

, 24

Foaming slag phenomenon

, 276

Formal institutional approach

, 226

Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)

, 265

‘Functional service’ model

, 128

Furniture (see also Scrap Utilization), plastics and

, 24–25

Garbage Classification and Collection Schemes Work

, 246

Garbage Classification Marking

, 246

Gas generation effect

, 271

Gas generation rate

, 271

Gasification

, 77

General equilibrium

, 37

Generalised input–output frameworks

, 186

Geographic Information System (GIS)

, 296

Geography

, 250

Diverse Economies (Gibson-Graham)

, 126, 144

Gift economy

, 135

Gift exchange

, 135

Gift giving

, 135

‘Good life’, designing for

, 23

Goods and Services Tax

, 149

Grass swale

, 299–301

Great Depression

, 42

Great Pacific Garbage Patch

, 192

‘Great Recovery’ programme

, 107

Green behaviour

, (see Pro-environmental behaviour)

Green building rating systems in EU

, 234

Green campus, rainwater discharge system, TJU

, 297–298

Green Collect

, 146, 152

Green growth

, 3

Green manufacturing

ASR (Automobile Shredder Residue)

, 262–264, 265

carbon/slag interaction for metallurgical coke/slag

, 271

EAF (Electric Arc Furnace)

, 263

ELVs (End-of-Life Vehicles)

, 262

experimental

, 266–268

fundamentals of material structures

, 269–271

industrial implementation

, 275–276

materials and methods

, 265

materials characteristics

, 265–266, 267

results and discussion

, 268

waste polymeric materials and EAF slag

, 271–272, 273

waste polymeric materials and metal interfacial phenomena

, 272–275

weight percent of waste plastics detected in ASR

, 264

Green2Black™

, 72

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions)

, 71, 227

Gross domestic product (GDP)

, 324

and living habits

, 250

Guangzhou, MSW management in

, 246–247

Hangu Saltworks

, 63

Hazard reduction capacity

, 244

Heat-treated biosolids

, 75

Heat-treatment

, 74

High temperature transformations

, 264

High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

, 199

Higher education (HE)

, 105

Holistic approach to sustainable consumption

, 124–126

Hong Kong, polluter pay principle in

, 233–234

Household

component

, 183

interrogating waste through household disposal

, 93–94

waste

, 92

Human Centred Design toolkit

, 108

Hybrid and sub-assembly component

, 328

Hydrogen

, 269

Icon Water

, 78

IELab platform

, 182

IFC (Industry Foundation Classes)

, 283, 288

ifcMaterial

, 288

ifcMaterialLayer

, 288

IKEA

, 25

Incentives

, 43

Incineration

, 78

Industrial Ecology Virtual Laboratory (IELab)

, 182–183

Industrial(isation)

, 327–328

economy

, 214

implementation

, 275–276

modernisation

, 20

park circular development mechanism

, 61

revolution

, 69, 106

symbiosis

, 19

waste third-party service mechanism

, 61

Industry Foundation Classes, see IFC

Information and Communications Technology

, 326

Infrared gas analyser (IR analyser)

, 269

Innoveq

, 224

Input–output analysis (IOA)

, 180, 181

Institutional change

, 42

Institutions

, 36, 41, 43

Integrated industrial-urban development model

, 61

Integrated measures, effect analysis of

, 304

Inter-Ministerial Joint Conference System

, 53–55

Interfacial phenomena

, 271–272

Interrogating waste through household disposal

, 93–94

Investment and Financing Policy Measures

, 58

Japan, act on waste disposal and Cleaning

, 232

Jevons paradox

, 22, 23, 38

JunkUp tool

, 287

K-Mart

, 25

Kalundborg, Denmark

, 19

Kerbside hard waste collection

, 163

Labour-intensive operations model

, 150

Land degradation

, 227

Landfilling

, 81, 254

Landscape water

replenishment costs

, 297

supplement demand

, 301, 302

Latour, Bruno concept of actant

, 95

Laverton Steel Mill (LSM)

, 275–276

‘Least-cost’ approach

, 148

Legislation processes

, 232

Lhasa, MSW management in

, 246–247

LIDAR

, 291

Life expectancy of products

, 24–27

Life expectance of buildings

, 311–312

Lighting as a Service (LaaS)

, 129

Likert scale

, 111, 113

Lime-amended BioClay (LaBC®)

, 75

Limed biosolids

, 74

Liming

, 74

Linear economy

, 1, 2, 6, 7, 15

Liquid biofuel

, 71–72

Longevity

, 117

Low-carbon supply chain management

, 228

Low-impact development

, 306

Lower Molonglo Water Quality Control Centre in Canberra

, 78

Manzini, Ezio

model of society

, 126

social innovation

, 126

Marine plastic debris

, 192

Markets/marketing

, 23, 37, 38, 40–41

imperfections

, 39–43

Marshall Plan

, 20

Mass balance analysis of rainwater runoff

, 301, 302

Material flows

, 9

Material mutation

, 96–98

Mea Alofa

, 195, 201

Mean Absolute Deviations (MAD)

, 163, 164

Melamine-formaldehyde plates (MF plates)

, 275

Mental constraints

, 41

Metabolism

, 15

Metaculture

, 126

Metal interfacial phenomena

, 272–275

Metallurgical coke

, 267, 268, 271

Methane

, 269

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago

, 79

Middle pipeline rainwater collection area, TJU

, 298

rainwater utilisation system at

, 301

Military modernisation

, 20

Milorganite^®

, 75

Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District

, 75

Ministry of Agriculture (MOA)

, 55

Ministry of Commerce (MOC)

, 54, 55

Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP)

, 54, 55

Ministry of Finance (MOF)

, 54, 55

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD)

, 55

Ministry of Land and Resources (MOLR)

, 55

Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)

, 54, 55

Ministry of Water Resources (MWR)

, 55

Model construction using IE Lab

, 182–183

Model-Driven Architecture

, 283

Mon Oncle (Film, Jacques Tati)

, 24

Morality of waste

, 98–99

Moscow American National Exhibition of 1959

, 21

‘Mother of All Demos’

, 17

Motivator

, 205

MRWIO model

, 181

Multi-regional waste supply-use framework (MRWSU framework)

, 182, 187

Multiform Harvest™

, 78

Multiple value-creation mechanisms

, 39

Multisection discharge system

, 297–298

Municipal solid waste (MSW)

, 184, 226

comparison of MSW composition in different cities

, 250–252

disposal technology

, 252–254

dominant disposal technologies

, 243–245

management in Beijing, Guangzhou and Lhasa

, 246–247

management in China

, 242–243

objective of research

, 246

physical composition comparison in three cities

, 247–249

progress of MSW sorting and recycling

, 250, 252

Municipal Solid Waste Classification and Evaluation Criteria

, 246

National Association of Charitable Recycling Organisations (NACRO)

, 145

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)

, 54, 55

National CE pilot projects, experience from

, 60–61

National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA)

, 206

National Computer and Television Recycling Scheme (NTCRS)

, 144, 145, 149, 151, 153

National Demonstration Bases for CE Education

, 58–59

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)

, 54, 55

National Disability Insurance Scheme

, 151

National People’s Congress (NPC)

, 54

National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)

, 215

National Solid Waste Management Strategy

, 232–233

National Tourism Administration (NTA)

, 54

National Waste Policy (Australia)

, 144

Natural erosion control

, 300

Natural Strong Waste Administration Demonstration of Philippines

, 232–233

Negative externalities

, 40

New Zealand Qualification Authority (NZQA)

, 206

New Zealand Water and Wastes Association (NZWWA)

, 80

Ninghai Zhejiang

, 64

Non-combustibles

, 247–248

Non-metallic fraction

, 263

Non-point source pollution control

, 303

Non-volumetric pre-assembly

, 328

Norstar

, 151

NureSys™

, 78

Nutrient recovery

, 76–77

Object-oriented perspective

, 93–96

Offsite manufacturing (OSM)

, 328

Offsite production (OSP)

, 328

Off-the-shelf technologies

, 6

Olympic Stadium in London

, 317

Online market systems

, 8

On-site activities

, 327

OneSteel

, 151

OpenBIM

, 283, 288

Operational energy

, 313

Outer ring rainwater discharging area, TJU

, 298

Outlook Environmental

, 146, 150, 151

Pacific Recycles, Ltd. (PR)

, 193–194

Pandanus

, 195

Part/component manufacture stage

, 332

Participatory design process

, 197

Pavilion Project

, 285–286

Pearl™ process

, 78–79

Pelletised biosolids product

, 75–76

People’s Bank of China (PBC)

, 54, 58

Premature wastage of resources

, 2

Permeable pavement

, 299–300

Philippines, construction waste regulations in

, 232–233

Phospaq™

, 78

Physical components

, 250

Physical composition comparison of MSW in three cities

, 247–249

Planned obsolescence

, 106

Plastac

, 24

Plastic(s)

, 24–25

waste

, 192

Point source pollution control

, 303

Pollutant controlling measures

, 303

Polluter pay principle, Hong Kong

, 232–234

Polycarbonate (PC)

, 264

carbon residue substrate

, 274

Polycyclic aromatic compounds

, 244

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

, 199

Polymer Injection Technology (PIT)

, 264

Polymeric materials

, 266, 269, 272

Polypropylene (PP)

, 263, 269

Polyurethane (PU)

, 256

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

, 199

Population

, 250

Post-consumer plastics

, 275–276

Postproduction processes

, 200

Postwar environmentalism

, 14

Postwar political economy

, 20–22

Prefabrication

, 324, 327–328

Prices

, 38, 41, 43

Pro-environmental behaviour

, (see also Environmentalism)

drivers of

, 172–173

measuring

, 160–162

predicting

, 169–172

Product life-extension strategies

, 129

Product service systems (PSS)

, 128–129

Product Stewardship Act

, 144

Product-oriented services

, 128

Production perspective

, 181

Production processes

, 218

Project Lead CE

, 61–62

Prosumption

, 129

Proxy information

, 186

Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)

, 62

Pump station

, 298

Push-flow-aeration machines

, 303

PYREG^® process

, 78

Pyrolysis

, 77–78

Pyrometallugical processes

, 263–264

Pyrometallurgical processes

, 266–267

Quality economy

, 137

Quantitative telephone interviews

, 162

Rain garden, TJU

, 299–301

Rainwater

collection and utilisation, TJU

, 296

discharge system planning for green campus, TJU

, 297–298

harvesting

, 296

losses

, 301

utilisation methods, in central island rainwater eco-collection area, TJU

, 298–299

utilisation system, at middle pipeline rainwater collection area, TJU

, 301

Rainwater Eco-Collection Area, Central Island, TJU New Campus

, 298

‘Re-making’ concept

, 107

Remaking waste

, 7

Re:START mall

, 317–318

Rebound effect (Jevons paradox)

, 22–23

Recirculating industrial solid wastes

, 217

Reclaimed water filtration constructed wetland

, 303

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)

, 330

Recycling

, 19–20, 144–146, 163, 263

energy

, 316

Lab

, 204–205

sector

, 194

waste plastic

, 204

Reduce, Reuse and Recycle principle (3Rs principle)

, 51, 55, 227

‘Reduce First’ principle

, 56, 57, 60, 62–63

Reduced product lifespans:

plastics and furniture

, 24–25

single-use plastics

, 25–26

smart phones

, 26–27

Refurbishment

, 137

Regenerative system

, 40

Regional waste footprints

, 183–186

Regulations and Green building rating systems in EU

, 234

Regulatory frameworks

, 41

Relative prices

, 37

Remanufacturing technology service development model

, 61

Renewable energy generation

, 69

biogas

, 69–71

liquid biofuel

, 71–72

Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2)

, 81

Renewable resource recycle model

, 61

Renewing materials

creative Pathways

, 205–208

culture and tradition in Samoa

, 194–197

design research

, 200

extrusion

, 199

field research

, 193–194

Filabot Reclaimer from Filabot

, 197–198

handgrip for Taro Peeler

, 201–203

implementation

, 204

materials

, 199

materials research and production technologies

, 197

postproduction

, 200

production

, 199–200

Recycling Lab

, 204–205

3D printed turtle skull gift–symbolic

, 200–201

3D printing technology

, 192

waste management in Samoa

, 194

Repair

, 92

Repair Cafés

, 137

Repair Deli

, 131, 137

Repurposing

, 92, 93, 96–99

res derelicta

, 147

Residual carbon

, 271

Residual solid carbon

, 272

Resilient economy

, 126

Resource depletion

, 38

Resources Recycle Act (1991)

, 232

Rest-of-the-world (RoW)

, 184

Result-oriented services

, 128

Retail therapy

, 135

Reterritorialisation

, 95

Rethinking

, 107

Reuse

, 19–20, 161, 311, 316, 317

of waste

, 161

Reverse logistics (RL)

, 282, 324, 330

adoption

, 330

in construction

, 328–330

Revit, Bentley Systems

, 327

REVIT CAD program

, 282

Rialto WWTP in California

, 77

Sacred waste

, 98

Samoa

culture and tradition in

, 194–197

waste management in

, 194

Samoan domestic environment

, 201

Sanitary landfill

, 243–244

Sanitary landfill disposal

, 245

Science and technology

, 8

Scientific evidence

, 80, 82

Scottish-based fashion/textile SMEs

, 111

Scrap Lab

, 217

Scrap utilisation by Thai SMEs

barriers to scrap reclamation

, 220

environmental policies and marketing strategies

, 220–221

factories joining W2W project

, 218

findings

, 217

institutionalised waste recirculation policy

, 218

methodology

, 215–217

popular scrap management methods

, 219

waste management policy among SMEs

, 219

Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)

, 193–194

Service Oriented Architecture

, 283

Service sectors

, 184

Several Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Development of CE

, 51–52

Sewage

, 67

Sightseeing water cycle constructed wetland

, 303

Single-use coffee cup

, 25

Single-use products

, 25–26

Site Waste Management Plans Regulations

, 235

Slag foaming phenomenon

, 264

Slag/carbon interface

, 271

Slow market

, 136–137

Sludge

, 67

Sludge-to-energy conversion processes

, 70

Sludge-To-Oil Reactor System (STORS)

, 71, 72

Slums

, 20

SlurryCarb™ process

, 77

Small Islands Developing States (SIDS)

, 193–194

Small niche recycling

, 146

Small-to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 105, 215

Smart and industrialised prefabrication (SAIP)

, 326, 330

creating synergy through

, 330–333

Smart phones

, 26–27

Sociable creation–transforming production

, 192

Social enterprises in CE

, 144, 151

approach and methods

, 145

engagements with government and corporate sector

, 152–154

interview

, 146

materials efficiency

, 143–144

organisations

, 144–145

role in collection of used goods and materials

, 146–152

Social inequalities

, 192

Sociological studies

, 94

Solid waste

management

, 225–226

production

, 180

‘Spaceship Earth’ (Boulding)

, 14–16

Special fund for CE development

, 59–60

SRS

, 151

St Vincent de Paul Society

, 153

Stakeholders

, 193

Standardisation

, 328

Standards for Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge

, 80

State Administration of Taxation (SAT)

, 55

State Council (SC)

, 54

State Forestry Administration (SFA)

, 55

State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC)

, 55

Statistical evaluation mechanism

, 61

Steelmaking, resource for

, 264

Stereolithography (STL)

, 200

Stocks

, 1

Storm water utilisation system

, 298

landscape water supplement demand

, 301

mass balance analysis of rainwater runoff

, 301

natural erosion control

, 300

permeable pavement

, 399

planning and construction

, 298

rain garden and grass swale

, 299–300

rainwater recycling and discharging system

, 299

rainwater utilisation methods

, 298–299, 301

Story Exchange

, 131–132–136

Strass WWTP in Austria

, 70

Strategy and action plan for CE development

, 60

Strong sustainable consumption

, 125

Struvite crystallisation

, 78

Subiaco WWTP

, 72, 75

Superuse Studio

, 283

Supply-use format

, 181

Surplus materials

, 92

Sustainability

, 40

Sustainable consumer

, 128

Sustainable consumption

community oriented consumption (COC)

, 127

Ethical and political consumption

, 128

Holistic approach to

, 124–126

Paradigms of

, 127

Prosumption

, 129

‘Weak’ and ‘Strong’ Approaches to

, 125

PSS

, 128–129

Sustainable design strategies

, 104, 112

Sustainable development

, 226

Sustainable development goals (SDGs)

, 234

Sustainable natural cycles

, 228

Sustainable water recycling system

, 295

artificial enhanced measures of water recycling

, 303–304

measures of water self-purification capacity improvement

, 303

rainwater discharge system planning for green campus

, 297-298

storm water utilisation system

, 298–301

surface area and discharging layout of campus

, 297

water quality conservation system of landscape waters

, 302–303

Suzhou Industrial Park

, 63–64

Swap Shop

, 130, 132–136

Sydney Steel Mill (SSM)

, 275–276

System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)

, 180

Systems building

, 328

Takara Pavilion Expo ‘70, Osaka

, 317

‘Take-make-dispose’ model

, 124

‘Take-make-use-dispose’ cycle

, 103

Taro Peeler, handgrip for

, 201–203

Tekla Structures

, 327

Temporary architecture

Crystal Palace (Great Exhibition 1851)

, 317

Capsule House

, 317

Territorialisation

, 95

Testing shopping scapes in CE

, (see also Circular economy (CE))

Byebuy! Shop concept and consumer paradigms

, 130–131

CE and Byebuy! Shop

, 131–137

CE and sustainable consumption

, 124–126

paradigms of sustainable consumption

, 127–129

Thermochemical processes

, 77–78

ThermoEnergy Corporation

, 72

Thermogravimetric analysis

, 267

‘Thing-power’, waste as

, 96

material mutation

, 96–98

morality of waste

, 98–99

sacred waste

, 98

waste revaluation

, 97

Thoughtful consumption behaviours

, 163

Three-dimension (3D)

model database

, 291

printable filament

, 197–198

printed spinning tops

, 207

printed turtle skull gift–symbolic

, 200–201

printing

, 192, 206, 327, 333

scanning technologies

, 291

‘Throwaway and replace’ culture

, 103

Tianjin Beijiang power plant

, 62–63

Tianjin University (TJU)

, 295–296

construction and operation of new campus

, 296–297

rainwater discharge system planning for green campus TJU

, 297–298

Total energy

, 314–315

Tourism

and cultural heritage

, 197

industry

, 197–198

Traditional linear production processes

, 227

Traditional waterfall design process

, 284

Trans-materialisation (Waddell and Labys)

, 107

Tree of life

, 194–195

Trimble

, 291

Ultimate regulatory model

, 148

Unmaking waste

, 4–5

in Thai industries

, 7

Upcycling

, 215, 222n2

plastic waste

, 192

Urban kitchen waste disposal mechanism

, 61

Urbanisation

, 242

US 503 Rule

, 80

US Green Building Council (USGBC)

, 320

Use-oriented services

, 128

Vibrant matter

, 94, 95

Virtualisation

, 327

Volumetric pre-assembly and modular assembly

, 328

Walmart

, 25

Waste

, (see also Zero waste (ZW)), 3, 8, 14, 19, 22, 161

act on waste disposal in Japan

, 232

charges for waste dumping in UK

, 234–235

composting process

, 244–245

in construction industry

, 310

dumping charges in UK

, 234–235

embodied energy

, 313–314

energy in built environment

, 312–313

flows in Australian economy

, 183

levels of reuse and recycling

, 316

life expectance of buildings

, 311–312

operational energy

, 313

polymers

, 263–264

quantities of

, 310–311

recycling energy

, 316

resource management mechanism

, 61

revaluation

, 97

as ’thing-power’

, 96

total energy

, 314–315

treatment technology

, 243

Waste footprints

, 6

Waste Framework Directive

, 161

Waste informatics

, 6

Waste input–output model (WIO model)

, 181–182, 187

Waste management

, 226, 262–263

cities and policy on

, 246–247

drivers of pro-environmental behaviour

, 172–173

hierarchy

, 161–162

incidence of behaviours

, 164–166

measuring pro-environmental behaviour

, 160–162

methods

, 162–164

predicting pro-environmental behaviours

, 169–172

recovery

, 161

reuse

, 161

in Samoa

, 194

variations in rank or incidence of behaviours

, 166–169

Waste polymeric materials

and EAF slag

, 271–272

and metal interfacial phenomena

, 272–275

snap shots of slag droplets in contact

, 273

Waste supply-use format (WSU format)

, 181

Waste to Wealth project (W2W project)

, 215

‘Waste value’ in circular economy

, 92

diverting waste

, 92–93

implications

, 100

household disposal

, 93–94

object-oriented perspective

, 94–96

study

, 96

waste as ’thing-power’

, 96–99

Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)

, 67, 68

Water

enhanced water recycling

, 303–304

cycling

, 297, 302

self-purification capacity improvement

, 303

pollution

, 230

quality conservation system of landscape waters

, 302–303

resource depletion

, 227

Water Corporation

, 75

Water Environment Federation in United States

, 67

Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program model (WASP model)

, 304

Wealth from Waste

, 6

Weijin River

, 298

Western government circles

, 20

Wettability

, 274

Wetting experiment

, 274–275

Whole Earth Catalog

, 15, 17–19

Wood off-cuts from process

, 214

Wood waste fraction

, 250

Wood-filled polymer

, 201

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 68

X-ray diffraction technique (XRD technique)

, 266, 267, 270

X-ray fluorescence

, 268

xBIM API

, 268, 293

Xiaoping Solid Waste Landfill

, 243–244

Zero waste (ZW)

, (see also Waste), 226

in CE

, 228

in China and Europe

, 229–230

in construction industry

, 230–231

effectiveness of, in Asia and EU

, 236

existing formal institutions motivating

, 236