Index

Insights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures

ISBN: 978-1-78714-546-7, eISBN: 978-1-78714-545-0

Publication date: 5 July 2017

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Citation

(2017), "Index", Mills, A.J. (Ed.) Insights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 519-540. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-545-020171028

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

INDEX

Aborigines

, 451, 455, 457–460, 465

AC. See Air Canada (AC)

ACA. See Aviation Corporation of America (ACA)

Acker and discourse of family

, 340

creating and conceptualizing social structures

, 342

gendering

cultures

, 341

interactions

, 341–342

practices/structures

, 340–341

internal gender constructions

, 342

Acker’s conceptualization of gendered substructure

, 306–307

Acker’s framework, improving on

, 363–364

Acker’s gendered substructure, re-focusing

, 345–346

Acker through looking glass

, 331

Acker’s gendering processes

, 332–333

building on Acker

, 333–337

gendering

cultures

, 346–349

practices/policies/structures

, 346

making sense of data

, 337

Acker and discourse of family

, 340–342

dominant discourse in (1950s)

, 339–340

Pan Am in (1980s)

, 343–345

Acker’s gendering processes

, 332–333

Actants

, 95, 157, 161, 163, 166

material

, 172

nonhuman

, 171

nonmaterial

, 158

past as

, 160

Activity system

, 67

Blackler and organizations as

, 66–69

Actor networks

interest-driven socio-politics of

, 185

as materially heterogeneous

, 185

socio-politics of

, 183, 184

Actor-network theorists

, 161

Actor-network theory (ANT)

, 158, 162–163, 177

Air Canada

, 161–162

feminism and

, 159–161

history and organizational culture at Air Canada

, 164–168

and intersection with feminism

, 168–173

primer on

, 162–164

problem of long-term change

, 158–159

Administrative Sciences Quarterly (ASQ)

, 5, 6

Aerodromes

, 103, 452

AFA. See Association of Flight Attendants (AFA)

AFC. See Australian Flying Corp (AFC)

Africanization of West African Airways

, 390

AIDS

, 257

Air Canada (AC)

, 93, 113, 122, 132, 137–138, 142, 147, 158, 160, 161–162, 170, 194, 267, 289–290, 474

“authoritative” histories

, 165

corporate responses

, 136

documents

, 12

early years of

, 290–291

masculinity story

, 163

newsletters

, 134

role of women in

, 138

Air force(s)

, 199, 386

bases

, 41

flyers

, 198

flying

, 261

pilots

, 87

policy

, 198

ranks

, 245

role of

, 241

wartime

, 251

Air France

, 200, 245

Air Steward

, 196, 201, 248

Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA)

, 198, 293, 376

Air Union

, 196, 199

Air-mindedness

, 201

Airborne “stewards”

, 41

Aircraft Transport and Travel Ltd. (AT&T)

, 40, 372

Airline industry, organizational imagery in

, 369–370

Airline(s)

, 126, 228–229, 268, 397–398

beauty contests

, 231

business

, 76, 124, 194, 204, 227, 255, 294, 414

and employment of people of color

, 380–381, 382

and gendering of organizations

“gendered processes” framework

, 193

passenger activity and service provision strategies and recruitment

, 195–206

sexuality and strategy

, 206–207

theoretical framework

, 194–195

growth

, 217

industry

, 47, 205, 206

in Britain

, 210–211

British

, 209

construction of sexuality in

, 205

gender and micropolitics of resistance in Canadian

, 121–129

organizational imagery in

, 369–370

in United Kingdom

, 107

management

, 141

steward

, 64, 336

stewardess

, 233

strategy

, 242, 248–249

“Alienation” study

, 16, 18

All-male flight crew

, 196

emergent and deliberate strategies

, 196–198

symbolism and strategy

, 198–199

Alternative histories construction

, 80

Americanism

, 397, 398, 407, 427–428, 432, 440

ANT. See Actor-network theory (ANT)

Anti-glamour policy

, 221, 224

ANTi-History

, 176, 178–180, 187–188, 476–477

and Feminist

, 180–182

knowledge of the past

, 183

mapping in conversation with feminist scholarship

, 182

articulation

, 187

epistemological categories

, 187

methodology

, 183–189

“naturalcultural” categories

, 184

punctuated actor-network

, 189

punctuated history

, 186

relational approach to constitution of social past

, 187

voice of actors

, 185

See also “History”

Anticategorial complexity approach

, 418–419

Applied implications

, 155, 327–328

“Archival records”, accessibility of

, 96

Archival research

, 396–397

and case study strategies

, 96–97

Archives

, 100–104

working with

, 100–102

archives

, 94

Archives and Archives

, 100–104

case study on gendering of airline cultures over time

, 97–100

methods of analysis

, 104–107

research strategy

, 95

rule sets

, 97

Disciplinary convention

, 95, 107

Discourse

, 117–118, 165

analysis

, 105, 106

of competition

, 343

of women’s liberation

, 344–345

Discriminatory practices

, 3, 9, 80, 85, 98, 143, 160, 285, 440

construction

, 58

generation

, 59

material and innumerable examples

, 475

social character

, 116

study of

, 49

Discursive practices

, 63, 106, 118, 121, 217, 386

Diverse social practices

, 56, 194, 217

DND. See Department of National Defence (DND)

“Domestic idyll”, discourse of

, 44, 45, 103, 275

“Domestic” factors of human existence

, 24

“Domestic” routes

, 279

Dominant discourse

, 106, 288, 308, 310, 326, 339–340

Double indemnity

, 123–129

Dualistic accounts

, 114

Duelling discourses

, 343

Acker’s conceptualization of gendered substructure

, 306–307

application of Acker’s notion of gendered substructure

, 307

applied implications

, 327–328

BOAC and BEA

, 216–217

contributions to scholarship

, 327

creating and conceptualizing social structures

, 325–326

desexualization as organizational discourse

, 220–225

discourse

analysis

, 308

of competition

, 343

of women’s liberation

, 344–345

dominant discourse

, 326

eroticization as organizational discourse

, 228–234

gendering

cultures

, 319–321, 343–344

interactions

, 321–323, 344

practices/structures

, 315–319, 343

In-House Newsletter and rise of female employment

, 217–219

internal gender constructions

, 323–325, 344

limitations and future research directions

, 328

organizational discourse and desexualization

, 227–228

Pan Am in (1950s)

, 308–310

Pan Am in (1980s)

, 310–314

policy of desexualization

, 209–210

popular culture and images of sexuau1y

, 226

social discourse and desexualization

, 225–226

theoretical debates and issues

, 211–215

EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC)

Emancipation

, 67

“Emergent” strategy

, 206, 371

dawn of commercial aviation and all-male flight crew

, 196–198

passenger service and female flight attendant

, 199–202

“Empirical data corpus”

, 96

Employment

airlines and employment of people of color

, 380–381, 382

equity

, 139

practices

, 257

rules

, 102–103

Employment Equity Act

, 148

“Enacted cues”

, 65, 66

Enacted sense of organization

, 120, 349

Enactment of sensemaking

, 120

Engineered revolution

, 403

Entrepreneur

, 122–123, 204, 292

Epistemological categories

, 187

Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC)

, 254

Equal Opportunity

, 137, 142–143, 152, 313, 320, 442

Equality

of sexes

, 223

“Steering Group”

, 240

Erotic images

, 229–231

Eroticism

and organizational discourse

, 229

desexualization as sexual discourse

, 230

gender, fashion, and conformity

, 230

from personality to body

, 230–234

Eroticization

as organizational discourse

, 228

competition and strategic management

, 228–229

eroticism and organizational discourse

, 229

permissive society

, 229

period (1950–1975)

, 253–254

Esprit de corps

, 242, 296, 299

Ethnicity over time, images of race and

, 387–389

Ethnographic methods

, 164

ex-RAF officers

, 199

Exotic, images of

, 381, 383

Extra-organizational

influences

, 212

rules

, 6, 27, 268–269

Family

Acker and discourse of

, 340–342

commitments

, 18

socialization processes

, 24

Fashion

, 230, 321

patriarchal

, 308

tribal-like

, 165–166

Female employees

, 221, 344

Female employment, rise of

, 217–219

images of sexuality

, 218

war years

, 218–219

Female flight attendant

, 199

emergent and deliberate strategies

, 199–202

hiring of

, 221

professionalization

, 204

symbolism and changing strategies

, 202–204

Femininity

, 238, 336–337

Feminism

, 163, 177–182

and ANT

, 159

gender, “past, ” and ANT

, 160–161

past as actant

, 160

ANT and intersection with

, 168–173

and historiography

, 180–182

and re/writing of history

, 77–78

Feminist

, 176

ANTi-History and

, 180–182

mapping ANTi-History

, 182–183

notion

, 114

poststructuralism

, 307, 336, 448–449

Feminist materialism and organizational analysis

, 25

contradictions and resistance

, 31–32

culture

, 26

extraorganizational rules

, 27

reproduction rules

, 29

sexuality

, 28, 29

social regulative rules

, 30–31

state rules

, 29

strategic rules

, 30

technical rules

, 29

Feminist organization

analysis

, 50

gendered sub-structure

, 355

gender divisions

, 355–356

identity work

, 358

interactions

, 357–358

organizational logic

, 359–360

symbols

, 356–357

Feminist poststructuralist

, 448–449

account

Bush Piloting

, 297–301

Canadian Aviation

, 297–301

Commercial Aviation in United States, (1918–1930)

, 293–296

modifying gender gestalt

, 301–303

organizational culture over time

, 288–291

TCA (1937–1941)

, 291–293

approach

, 289, 420–421

First World War

, 241, 385

First-class service

, 42, 43, 199–200

First-class transportation industry

, 199

Flight crews recruitment

dawn of commercial aviation and all-male flight crew

, 196–199

passenger service and female flight attendant

, 199–204

professionalization of female flight attendant

, 204–206

Flight stewardesses

, 309, 339–340

Florence Nightingale to Venus di Milo

, 123

atmosphere of family picnic

, 126

constant friction

, 128–129

emphasis on charm and efficiency

, 129

evidence of mimetic isomorphic influences

, 124

male organizational audiences

, 125

TCA stewardesses

, 127–128

“Flying-Ace”

, 197

Foreign domination

, 257

Formal moment

, 141

Formal rules

, 54–55, 58–61, 116

Formative context

, 115–116, 279, 398, 401

of Canadian aviation

, 123–124

clerical work

, 280

government attitudes

, 281

organizational culture

, 281–282

wartime contingencies

, 282–284

Formative contexts

, 280

Fortune magazine

, 404–405

Foucauldian

analysis

, 97, 114

notion of discourse

, 370

Foucault and discourse

, 63–64

Frequent flyer programs

, 204

Functionalist treatments of gender

, 18–19

Gender

, 16, 119–121, 158, 177, 179, 184, 185, 230, 268, 279, 287–288

AC

, 122

analysis

, 19–21

boys to men

, 122–123

clerical work

, 280

in context

, 87–88

differentiation

, 16

dimension

, 86

divisions

, 195, 355–356

double indemnity

, 123–129

focus on

, 85–87

gender-based research

, 422

gestalt modification

, 301–303

government attitudes

, 281

neglect within organizational studies

, 17–19

organizational culture

, 281–282

past, and ANT

, 160–161

studying in context

, 87–88

systems

, 85

wartime contingencies

, 282–284

Gendered cultures

, 62–63

Gendered formal rules

, 59

Gendered processes

, 193, 194, 215

Gendered subculture making

, 39–40

Gendered substructure

, 334, 345–346

Acker’s conceptualization of

, 306–307

of feminist organization

, 355

gender divisions

, 355–356

identity work

, 358

interactions

, 357–358

organizational logic

, 359–360

symbols

, 356–357

Gendering

, 178

of Air Canada

airline management

, 141

applied implications

, 155

contributions to scholarship

, 154–155

conventional and structural aspects

, 142–148

critical hermeneutic approach

, 133–134

critical hermeneutics

, 153

cultural artifacts

, 135–136

formal moment

, 141

information content

, 149–150

intentional aspect

, 140

interpretation–reinterpretation

, 148–149

interpretive frame

, 150–153

limitations and future research directions

, 155–156

methodological approach

, 134–135

power

, 132

power and social relationship

, 153–154

referential aspect

, 140–141

social-historical moment

, 137–140

“World of Women” article

, 136–137

of airline cultures over time

, 97

case study on

, 97–100

of airlines

, 46–47

cultures

, 319–321, 332, 341, 343–344, 346

gendering interactions

, 348–349

internal gender constructions

, 349

organizational logic

, 347–348

of flight attendant role

, 276

revisioning gender

, 278–279

interactions

, 321–323, 332–333, 341–342, 344, 348–349

practices/structures

, 315–319, 332, 340–341, 343

over time

, 9–11, 12

Gendering of organizational culture

, 37, 49

applying rules approach to

, 57–63

BA

, 37

gendered subculture making

, 39–40

gendered substructure of

, 40–41

concerns, issues, and strategies

, 79

change vs. progress

, 82–85

focus on gender

, 85–87

history as discourse

, 79–82

studying gender in context

, 87–88

culture as metaphor for understanding

, 50–51

key organizational discourses

, 41–43

militarization of space

, 45–46

organizational rules as cultural framework

, 51–57

over time

, 6–8, 38, 72, 73

airline business

, 76

business history

, 75

corporate histories

, 77

cultural traces

, 88–90

feminism and re/writing of history

, 77–78

number of unique problems

, 74

organizational boundaries

, 74

rules and social psychological processes

, 63–69

sexuality

, 44–45

social discourse

and gendering of airlines

, 46–47

and practices

, 43

General Gomez

, 413

German Ideology, The

, 22

‘Gin’

, 460

Glamour

and female sexuality

, 222

girls

, 129, 253

glamorous role of airline stewardess

, 233

hostess

, 88, 202

and moral concern

, 228

Globalization

, 395, 414

Globalized environment

, 416

Government attitudes

, 281

Government policy

, 219

Great Depression

, 424–425

“Half-caste”

, 457, 465

Handley Page Transport (HPT)

, 40, 372

Hawthorne Studies

, 16, 17–18, 55–56

Hegemonic masculinity

, 238, 239, 263–264, 266–267, 273, 285

Hegemonic themes

imaging heterosexual organization

, 251–257

imaging white British organization

, 257–259

masculinity and

, 251

Hermeneutic circle

, 133–134, 353

Hermeneutic interpretation

, 354

“Heroic pilot”

, 8, 98, 288, 335, 375

Heterosexual masculinity

, 251–252

Heterosexual organization

desexualized steward

, 253

Eroticization period (1950–1975)

, 253–254

imaging

, 251

man the warrior

, 252–253

one of boys

, 251–252

resistance and advent of gay flight attendant

, 254–257

Historical materialism

, 21, 22

Historiography

, 180

Historiography, feminism and

, 178–179

“History”

, 177, 180, 183, 185

as discourse

, 79

alternative histories

, 80

BA

, 79, 81

hybrid entrepreneurial-military organization

, 82

new images of masculinity and femininity

, 81

UK National Health Service Trust

, 80

See also ANTi-History

Home, sexuality

, 44

Homosexuals

, 257

Horizons

, 140

“Hostess”

, 202, 221

HPT. See Handley Page Transport (HPT)

Hudson Bay Company

, 289–290

Hudson Fysh

, 453–454

Human agency

, 217

Human Resources Puts Employee Development

, 320

“Human resources” practices

, 54–55

Hybrid entrepreneurial-military organization

, 47, 82

ICAN. See International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN)

ICAO. See International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

Identity construction

, 119

Imagery

, 368–369

Images/imaging

company newsletter and management of

, 389–391

of exotic

, 381, 383

heterosexual organization

, 251–257

from outposts

, 384–385

of race and empire

, 378–387

of race and ethnicity over time

, 387–389

of sexuality

, 375–378

of superiority

, 383–384

white British organization

, 257–259, 260

Imperial Airways

, 124, 243, 244, 380, 459, 463

Imperial Airways Gazette

, 372, 383

Imperial Airways Monthly Bulletin

, 372

Imperial heritage

, 381, 387

images from outposts

, 384–385

images of exotic

, 381, 383

images of superiority

, 383–384

Imperialism as social and organizational discourse

, 385–387

In-flight nurse to flighty flight attendant

, 199

In-house

journals

, 203

newsletter

, 140, 217

images of sexuality

, 218

war years

, 218–219

Informal rules

, 55–56, 61–62, 116

Informal social networks

, 31

Information content

, 149–150

Institutionalization and goal displacement model

, 355

Instone Air Lines

, 197, 199

“Integrationist”

, 181–182

Intentional aspect

, 140

Internal gender construction

, 323–325, 333, 338, 342, 344, 349

Internal mental work

, 41, 195, 274, 323

Internal newsletters

, 140

International business

, 394, 395

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

, 60, 103, 196, 242

International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN)

, 60, 196, 242

International Women’s Year (1957)

, 136, 139

Interorganizational linkages

, 60

Interpretation

, 133

interpretation–reinterpretation

, 148–149

Interpretive accounts

, 18–19, 20, 21

Interpretive frame

, 150–153

Intersectional complexity approach

, 419

Intersectionality

, 421, 423–424, 464–468

at margins

, 449–450

and theoretical categories

, 418–419

Intracategorical complexity approach

, 419

Isomorphic mimicry

, 276

revisioning gender

, 278–279

Joan Acker’s framework

, 353

Juan Trippe

, 413–414

Juncture(s)

, 9, 38, 104, 105, 423–424, 426–427

Americanism

, 433, 435

as heuristic for understanding intersectionality

, 421

intersectionality

, 423–424

Pan American Airways

, 423–424

of intersectionality

, 417

Pan Am

, 419–421, 427–433

retrospective study

, 418

and theoretical categories

, 418–419

masculinity

, 435–436, 440

“Orders From A Woman”

, 434–435

organizational culture over time as series of

, 40

organizations and laws

, 442–443

“Return of Martin Guerre”

, 436–440

social movements and legal advancement

, 441–442

whiteness

, 440

Knight of British Empire (KBE)

, 465

Knowledge

, 63, 159

notion of discourse

, 118

of past

, 183

Latin America

, 397, 401–403, 430

image of

, 409–411

imagining

, 407

Obama to

, 415–416

Law, John

, 158

Leaders

, 132

Leadership

, 368–369, 386

experience

, 28

metaphors of

, 227–228

Legal rules

, 60

Library search

, 8n

“Long Service in Tokyo”

, 388

“Looking-glass” effect

, 370

Macrosociology

, 212

Macrostrategies

, 172

Male employees

, 9, 126, 221, 227, 341, 437

Male-only flight crews

, 137, 201

“Maleness”

, 16, 164, 211, 261, 332, 375, 376, 428, 461

Management and Organization Studies (MOS)

, 447–448

Managerial realist

, 53

“Manliness”

, 257, 286

Marxist theory

, 9

Masculine

archetypes

, 240–251

hegemony and absence of female labor

, 273–276

Masculinist processes

, 78

Masculinity

, 238, 290–291, 336–337, 428–429, 435–436

and hegemonic themes

, 251–259

masculine archetypes at BA

, 240–251

“men” in context

, 238–239

multiple masculinities at work

, 259–263

Materialist

alternative

, 21

class divisions development

, 23

“domestic” factors of human existence

, 24

German Ideology, The

, 22

organizational desexualization

, 25

approach

, 17

Matrix of domination

, 426

“Men”

, 238–239, 388–389

Merger

, 40, 165–166, 322

Metaphors

, 57

of leadership

, 227–228

of masculinity

, 347

Mexican Division

, 405

Micropolitics of resistance in Canadian airline industry

, 121

AC

, 122

boys to men

, 122–123

double indemnity

, 123–129

Militarization of space

, 45–46

Military aviator

, 122–123

Mixed-blood

, 403

Modern European imperialism

, 378

Modernity

, 455

MOS. See Management and Organization Studies (MOS)

Multiple masculinities

, 86, 259

exploring

, 238–239

gender and organizations

, 259–260

gendered discourse

, 262–263

maleness

, 261–262

piloting

, 260–261

short-lived desexualization strategy

, 263

Multiplicity of discursive practices

, 117

Myth, connotation

, 146–148

National Air Transport (NAT)

, 295

National identities

, 401, 402

Nationality

, 385, 454

“Naturalcultural” categories

, 184

Network

, 163

hierarchical

, 169

informal social

, 31

Neutral look

, 230

New World

, 401, 402

New York, Rio and Buenos Aires Line (NYRBA)

, 406

Newsletters

, 135

Air Canada’s newsletters

, 133–134

British Airways In-House Newsletters

, 373–374

British Airways Newsletters

, 382

“British Airways” newsletters over time

, 375

in-house corporate newsletters

, 101

internal newsletters

, 140

internal newsletters at Pan Am

, 311

PAA newsletters

, 321

Non-bureaucratic organizations

, 360–361

“Non-white” images

, 381

“Non-whites”, superiority of

, 385

North American airlines

, 128, 343

NYRBA. See New York, Rio and Buenos Aires Line (NYRBA)

Obama, Barack

, 394, 395

to Latin America

, 415–416

On-going sense

, 120, 121

Ontological security

, 120

Opportunity 2000 program

, 10, 37, 38, 81, 389, 392

Opportunity structure

, 61, 212

Organization, Gender, and Culture

, 5–6, 15

feminist materialism and organizational analysis

, 25–31

gender differentiation

, 16

gender neglect within organizational studies

, 17–19

gendering of organizational culture over time

, 6–8

gendering over time

, 12

towards intersectionality in time

, 13–14

mapping out culture and gendering over time

, 9–11

materialist alternative

, 21–25

materialist approach

, 17

organizational culture and analysis of gender

, 19–21

researching past

, 11–12

Organizational actors

, 56, 62–63

Organizational analysis

, 17, 18, 212, 287–288

Organizational behavior

, 18, 20

Organizational boundaries

, 74

Organizational culture

, 19–21, 123, 132, 267, 268–269, 279, 287–288, 368–369

rules as

, 56–57

studying over time

, 57

clerical work

, 280

government attitudes

, 281

organizational culture

, 281–282

wartime contingencies

, 282–284

gendering over time

, 6–8

mapping out

, 9–11

over time

, 38, 288

junctures

, 38, 40

layers of influence on development of gendered substructure

, 39

multiple masculinities and early years of Air Canada

, 290–291

from theory to method

, 289–290

Organizational desexualization

, 25, 213

Organizational discourses

, 38, 41, 88, 99, 212–213, 305–306, 364, 372, 375, 386–387

and desexualization

, 227

conflicting imagery

, 222–225

glamour and moral concern

, 228

metaphors of leadership

, 227–228

restructuring and bureaucratization

, 227

staffing

, 220

uniformed female staff and corporate image

, 221–222

eroticization as

, 228–234

safety

, 42

service

, 42–43

Organizational factors

, 212

Organizational imagery in Airline industry

, 369–370

Organizational logic

, 331, 347–348, 359–360

Organizational practices

, 17, 44, 195, 442

in discriminatory outcomes for women

, 266–267

ordinary organizational practices

, 332

in social construction of gender

, 262

Organizational processes

, 368

Organizational rules

, 51, 116–117

formal rules

, 54–55

informal rules

, 55–56

managerial realist

, 53

rules and organizational actors

, 56

rules as organizational culture

, 56–57

shared meanings

, 52

studying organizational cultures over time

, 57

Organizational sense-making processes

, 20–21

Organizational shocks

, 84

Organizational structuring

, 211

Organizational studies

, 18

Organizations

, 148, 216

“Organizing logics”

, 306

Orientalism

, 379

PAA. See Pan American Airways (Pan Am)

Pacific Western Airlines (PWA)

, 194

Pan American Airways (Pan Am)

, 124, 267, 289–290, 306, 327, 331, 393, 395, 397, 423–424, 438

acquisitions

, 399

Betty Trippe’s Diary

, 411–414

chosen instrument

, 403

employment practices

, 407

Pam Am’s Southern Empire

, 405

Pan Am in practice

, 406–407

US State Department

, 404

formative context

, 398, 401

framework of analysis

, 396

archival research

, 396–397

critical hermeneutics

, 396–397

idea of Latin America

, 401–403

Latin America

, 403

Pan Am

, 397–401

US Interests

, 403

globalization

, 395

image of

, 407–409

imagining

, 407

international business

, 394, 395

Latin America

image of

, 409–411

imagining

, 407

matrix of domination

, 427

Americanism

, 427–428

Blacks/Race

, 431–432

Latin Americans

, 430

masculinity

, 428–429

whiteness and European heritage

, 428

women

, 432–433

in (1950s)

, 308–310, 339

in (1980s)

, 310, 343

discourse of competition

, 310–312, 343

discourse of women’s liberation

, 344–345

gendering cultures

, 343–344

gendering interactions

, 344

gendering practices/structures

, 343

internal gender constructions

, 344

other discursive spaces

, 312–314

Obama to Latin America

, 415–416

Pan Am—postpositive case study

, 419–421

postcoloniality and reading

, 414–415

postpositive case study

, 419–421

professional secretaries

, 315

system

, 400

US State Department

, 397–398

See also British Airways (BA); Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA)

Passenger activity and service provision strategies

dawn of commercial aviation and all-male flight crew

, 196–199

passenger service and female flight attendant

, 199–204

professionalization of female flight attendant

, 204–206

Passenger demographics

, 219

Passenger service

, 199

emergent and deliberate strategies

, 199–202

strategies

, 197

symbolism and changing strategies

, 202–204

“Past”

, 183

as actant

, 160

gender, “past,” and ANT

, 160–161

Permissive society

, 229

Personality to body

, 230–234

Pilot

, 240–243

female pilot

, 389–390

heroic pilot

, 375

Piloting

, 260–261

See also Bush Piloting

Pioneering

, 42, 45, 292, 409, 410, 454, 464

Plausibility

, 66, 121

failure

, 115

analysis and discussion

, 129–130

critical sensemaking, gender, and resistance

, 119–121

critical sensemaking approach

, 115–119

gender and micropolitics of resistance in Canadian airline industry

, 121–129

Polish Worker’s Defence Committee

, 119

Post hoc sensemaking

, 120

Post-war anti-colonialism movements

, 258–259

Postcoloniality

, 396, 414–415

Postmodernist analysis of organization

, 369–370

Postpositivism

, 94, 95

Postpositivist orientation

, 99

Poststructural feminism

, 114

Poststructuralism

, 95

Poststructuralist

feminism

, 114, 214–215

theory

, 9

Power

, 114, 132, 379

air power

, 425

dimensions of

, 21

of organizational rules

, 117

and social relationship

, 153–154

in Weick’s theory of sensemaking

, 65

Pre-war social hierarchy

, 201

Price wars

, 204

“Primary domestic responsibility” of women

, 29

Primer on ANT

, 162–164

Professionalism

, 53, 63, 127, 205, 222, 223, 226, 228, 244, 250, 263, 360, 436

Professionalization of female flight attendant

, 204

symbolism and strategy

, 205–206

“Psychicprisons” notion

, 370

“Psychological punch”

, 200

Pudney’s account

, 82

PWA. See Pacific Western Airlines (PWA)

Qantas

, 445

central actors

, 456

aborigines

, 457–460

intersectionality

, 464–468

success of airline

, 457

women

, 460–464

historiography approach

, 446

methodology

, 450

critical discourse analysis

, 450

materials and methods

, 451–452

partial sense of

, 452

themes

, 453

civilizing

, 455

modernity

, 455

nationality

, 454

pioneering

, 454

theoretical background

, 447

feminist poststructuralist

, 448–449

intersectionality at margins

, 449–450

traversing historic turn in MOS

, 447–448

Qantas at War

, 451, 459, 467

Qantas Rising

, 451, 454, 457, 461

Qantas: Wings to the World

, 451

RAAF. See Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)

Race

, 385

images of race and empire

, 378

airlines and employment of people of color

, 380–381, 382

imperial heritage

, 381, 383–385

imperialism as social and organizational discourse

, 385–387

orientalism

, 379

images of race and ethnicity over time

, 387

men

, 388–389

women

, 387–388

race-based research

, 422

Race Relations Act (1977)

, 380–381

Racial equality

, 258

Racial stereotypes

, 251, 258

Racist stereotypes

, 370

Radical humanism

, 19

Radical structuralism

, 19

RAF. See Reserve, or new Auxiliary Air Force (RAF); Royal Air Force (RAF)

Rational decision-making process

, 195

“Reactive meaning-makers”

, 117

Realism

, 165

Realist historical practices

, 165

Referential aspect

, 140–141

Registered Nursing qualifications (RN qualifications)

, 124

Reorientationalist approach

, 181–182

Reproduction

advertising in

, 370

of air forces

, 199

approach

, 115

rules

, 29

“Reproductive rules”

, 268–269

Research strategy

, 95

Reserve, or new Auxiliary Air Force

, 242

Resistance

, 31–32, 113–114, 119–121

Retrospective sense

, 120

“Return of Martin Guerre”

, 427, 436–440

Revisioning gender

, 278–279

RFC. See Royal Flying Corp (RFC)

RN qualifications. See Registered Nursing qualifications (RN qualifications)

Royal Air Force (RAF)

, 42, 47, 103, 242, 386

Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)

, 453

Royal Commission on the Status of Women

, 138–140

Royal commissions

, 162

Royal Flying Corp (RFC)

, 45, 241

“Rugged” imposition of rules

, 123

“Rugged” resistance

, 123

“Ruggedness” process

, 123

Rule(s)

, 116

approach to gendering of organizational culture

, 57

formal rules and gendering of organizational culture

, 58–61

informal rules and gendering of organizational culture

, 61–62

organizational actors and gendered cultures

, 62–63

concept

, 53

interpretation

, 116

makers

, 116

and organizational actors

, 56

as organizational culture

, 56–57

ruling class ideas

, 22

sets

, 97

and social psychological processes

, 63

Blackler’s work on activity systems

, 66–69

Foucault and discourse

, 63–64

Weick’s theory of sensemaking

, 64–66

Safety

, 42, 196–197

SAS. See Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)

SCADTA. See Sociedad Columbo-Alemana de Transportes Aereos (SCADTA)

Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)

, 204–205

Scholarship, contributions to

, 154–155, 327

Science and technology studies (STS)

, 163

Scientific management

, 29

Second World War (WWII)

, 45, 198, 201, 376, 380

Sensemaking

, 115, 118–119

Sensemaking, properties of

, 64

Service

, 42–43

Sex

, 16

differences

, 211

power differentials

, 18

role spillover

, 61

sex-selling strategies

, 203

structuring of sex roles

, 212

Sexist stereotypes

, 370

Sexual attractiveness

, 28

Sexual discourse

, 230

Sexual expressions

, 25

Sexual identity

, 212

Sexual relations

, 213

Sexual revolution

, 88

Sexuality

, 28, 29, 44, 194–195, 212, 215, 225–226

construction of

, 205

home

, 44

images

, 218

images of

, 375–378

localized sites

, 216–217

popular culture and images

, 226

and strategy

, 206–207

work

, 45

See also Desexualization

Sexy stewardess

, 377

SFWR. See Stewardesses for Women’s Rights (SFWR)

Short-lived desexualization strategy

, 263

Simplistic accounts

, 114

Sintes, Yvonne

, 75n2

Social actors

, 115

Social construction

, 215, 216

Social discourse(s)

, 225–226, 385

austerity

, 225

bureaucracy, sexuality, and rise of welfare state

, 225–226

and gendering of airlines

, 46–47

and practices

, 43

“Social forces”

, 262

Social psychological factors

, 120

Social psychological properties

, 118

Social reality

, 187

Social regulative rules

, 30–31, 268–269

Social relations

, 215

Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC)

, 6–7

Social sensemaking

, 121, 125

Social structures, creating and conceptualizing

, 325–326, 333, 338, 342

Social-historical moment

, 137–140

Sociedad Columbo-Alemana de Transportes Aereos (SCADTA)

, 405

Sociohistorical moment

, 134

Sociological frame of analysis

, 211

Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis

, 5

Sociopolitical attitudes

, 219

Socio-past, mapping

, 185

Socio-political conditions of creation of history

, 185

Socio-politics of actor-networks

, 185

SSHRC. See Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC)

Staff News

, 383

Staffing

, 220

State rules

, 29, 268–269

State-owned airlines

, 227

Stewardesses

, 278

Stewardesses for Women’s Rights (SFWR)

, 352, 360

gendered sub-structure of feminist organization

, 355–360

improving on Acker’s framework

, 363–364

Joan Acker’s framework

, 353

members

, 361–362

methodology

, 353–355

non-bureaucratic organizations

, 360–361

organization

, 363

organization for issues of stewardesses

, 362

stewardesses to

, 360

Stewarding

, 371

Strategy

, 195

for change

, 473–475

sexuality and

, 206–207

strategic actions

, 206

strategic management

, 193

strategic rules

, 30, 268–269

for study

, 475–477

symbolism and

dawn of commercial aviation and all-male flight crew

, 198–199

professionalization of female flight attendant

, 205–206

Structural feminism

, 115

STS. See Science and technology studies (STS)

Superiority, images of

, 383–384

“Supplementarist”

, 181

“Surplus labour”

, 22

Symbol

, 133

Symbolism

, 241

and changing strategies

, 202–204

and strategy

dawn of commercial aviation and all-male flight crew

, 198–199

professionalization of female flight attendant

, 205–206

“Systemic approach”

, 50, 51

Systemic discrimination

, 51

TCA. See Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA)

Technical knowledge

, 87, 203, 233, 453–454

Technical rules

, 29, 56, 59, 268–269

Textual analysis

, 164, 211

Third World

, 13, 258, 379

Total Quality Management (TQM)

, 55, 59, 78

“Toughness” process

, 123

“Traces”

, 7, 8

Trans World Airways (TWA)

, 194, 254, 289–290, 312

Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA)

, 115, 122, 126, 137, 161, 266, 288, 464n

employees

, 299

and Employment of Women, (1938–1940)

, 301–303

gendering comparison with BOAC and

, 270

absence of female employees from

, 271–272

crown-owned corporation

, 271

formative context, gender, and cultures of organizations

, 279–284

isomorphic mimicry and gendering of flight attendant role

, 276–279

masculine hegemony and absence of female labor

, 273–276

method of study

, 269–270

organizational culture

, 267–268

TCA (1937–1941)

, 291

Board and Canadian Railwayman

, 292–293

theoretical framework

, 268–269

See also British Airways (BA); Pan American Airways (Pan Am)

“Tried-and-true” labour

, 42

TWA. See Trans World Airways (TWA)

Two-way process

, 216

UK National Health Service Trust

, 80

Uniformed female staff and corporate image

, 221–222

Unionization

, 310, 313, 343

United Air Lines (UAL)

, 64, 124, 267, 276, 294

United States

, 293–296

Commercial Aviation in, (1918–1930)

US airline business

, 221

US airlines

, 199–200, 201–202

US Interests

, 403

US State Department

, 404

“Unproductive prejudices”

, 354–355

“Upper-crust” form of masculinity

, 45

Value systems development

, 20

War years

, 218–219, 271, 336, 425, 443

Wartime contingencies

, 282–284

Wartime military

, 41, 274

Weick’s sensemaking approach

, 119

Weick’s theory of sensemaking

, 64–66

See also Blackler’s work on activity systems

Welfare State

, 225–226

Western Canadian Airways and Canadian Air Lines

, 298–299

White British organization

, 257–259, 260

Whiteness and European heritage

, 428

WIM. See Women in management (WIM)

Womanhood

, 44, 46, 50, 78, 80–81, 122, 211, 290–291, 303, 389–390, 425

Women

, 122, 124, 212, 226, 229, 352

control mechanisms for

, 359

discourse of women’s liberation

, 344–345

history

, 78

identities for women of SFWR

, 358

issues

, 360

Qantas

, 460–464

with SFWR

, 362

Women’s Opportunities Council

, 314, 317

Women and Aviation in Canada

, 300–301

Women in management (WIM)

, 77

Women’s Royal Air Force (WRAF)

, 43, 102, 103, 198, 241, 273

Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS)

, 88

Work

, 45

clerical

, 280

identity

, 358

internal mental

, 41, 195, 274, 323

multiple masculinities at

, 259–263

Workplace discrimination

, 50

“World of Women” article

, 136–137

WRAF. See Women’s Royal Air Force (WRAF)

WRNS. See Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS)

WWII. See Second World War (WWII)

Book Chapters

Prelims

Section I Introduction: The Gendering of Organizational Culture Over Time

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Organization, Gender, and Culture

Section II Mapping Out Culture and Gendering Over Time

Chapter 3 The Gendering of Organizational Culture: Social and Organizational Discourses in the Making of British Airways

Chapter 4 Rules, Sensemaking, Formative Contexts, and Discourse in the Gendering of Organizational Culture

Chapter 5 Studying the Gendering of Organizational Culture over Time: Concerns, Issues, and Strategies

Chapter 6 Digging Archeology: Postpositivist Theory and Archival Research in Case Study Development

Section III Researching the Past

Chapter 7 When Plausibility Fails: Toward a Critical Sensemaking Approach to Resistance

Chapter 8 The Gendering of Air Canada: A Critical Hermeneutic Approach

Chapter 9 Men on Board: Actor-Network Theory, Feminism, and Gendering the Past

Chapter 10 Performing the Past: ANTi-History, Gendered Spaces, and Feminist Practice

Section IV Gendering Over Time

Chapter 11 Strategy, Sexuality, and the Stratosphere: Airlines and the Gendering of Organizations

Chapter 12 Dueling Discourses: Desexualization versus Eroticism in the Corporate Framing of Female Sexuality in the British Airline Industry, 1945–1960

Chapter 13 Cockpits, Hangars, Boys, and Galleys: Corporate Masculinities and the Development of British Airways

Chapter 14 Flying in the Face of Reality: Gender Rules in Trans-Canada Air Lines and the British Overseas Airways Corporation, 1919–1947

Chapter 15 Masculinity and the Making of Trans-Canada Air Lines, 1937–1940: A Feminist Poststructuralist Account

Chapter 16 Duelling Discourses at Work: Upsetting the Gender Order

Chapter 17 Pleading the Fifth: Re-Focusing Acker’s Gendered Substructure through the Lens of Organizational Logic

Chapter 18 Organizational Logic and Feminist Organizing: Stewardesses for Women’s Rights

Section V Toward Intersectionality in Time

Chapter 19 Man/Aging Subjectivity, Silencing Diversity: Organizational Imagery in the Airline Industry. The Case of British Airways

Chapter 20 Markets, Organizations, Institutions, and National Identity: Pan American Airways, Postcoloniality, and Latin America

Chapter 21 The Junctures of Intersectionality: Race, Gender, Class, and Nationality and the Making of Pan American Airways, 1929–1989

Chapter 22 Reading Qantas History: Discourses of Intersectionality and the Early Years of Qantas

Section VI Lessons Learned

Chapter 23 Lessons Learned over Time

References

Index

Citation

Publisher

INDEX

Book Chapters

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