Index
Insights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures
ISBN: 978-1-78714-546-7, eISBN: 978-1-78714-545-0
Publication date: 5 July 2017
This content is currently only available as a PDF
Citation
(2017), "Index", Mills, A.J. (Ed.) Insights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 519-540. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-545-020171028
Publisher
:Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2017 Emerald Publishing Limited
INDEX
Aborigines
, 451, 455, 457–460, 465
AC. See Air Canada (AC)
ACA. See Aviation Corporation of America (ACA)
Acker and discourse of family
, 340
creating and conceptualizing social structures
, 342
gendering
cultures
, 341
interactions
, 341–342
practices/structures
, 340–341
internal gender constructions
, 342
Acker’s conceptualization of gendered substructure
, 306–307
Acker’s framework, improving on
, 363–364
Acker’s gendered substructure, re-focusing
, 345–346
Acker through looking glass
, 331
Acker’s gendering processes
, 332–333
building on Acker
, 333–337
gendering
cultures
, 346–349
practices/policies/structures
, 346
making sense of data
, 337
Acker and discourse of family
, 340–342
dominant discourse in (1950s)
, 339–340
Pan Am in (1980s)
, 343–345
Acker’s gendering processes
, 332–333
Actants
, 95, 157, 161, 163, 166
material
, 172
nonhuman
, 171
nonmaterial
, 158
past as
, 160
Activity system
, 67
Blackler and organizations as
, 66–69
Actor networks
interest-driven socio-politics of
, 185
as materially heterogeneous
, 185
socio-politics of
, 183, 184
Actor-network theorists
, 161
Actor-network theory (ANT)
, 158, 162–163, 177
Air Canada
, 161–162
feminism and
, 159–161
history and organizational culture at Air Canada
, 164–168
and intersection with feminism
, 168–173
primer on
, 162–164
problem of long-term change
, 158–159
Administrative Sciences Quarterly (ASQ)
, 5, 6
Aerodromes
, 103, 452
AFA. See Association of Flight Attendants (AFA)
AFC. See Australian Flying Corp (AFC)
Africanization of West African Airways
, 390
AIDS
, 257
Air Canada (AC)
, 93, 113, 122, 132, 137–138, 142, 147, 158, 160, 161–162, 170, 194, 267, 289–290, 474
“authoritative” histories
, 165
corporate responses
, 136
documents
, 12
early years of
, 290–291
masculinity story
, 163
newsletters
, 134
role of women in
, 138
Air force(s)
, 199, 386
bases
, 41
flyers
, 198
flying
, 261
pilots
, 87
policy
, 198
ranks
, 245
role of
, 241
wartime
, 251
Air France
, 200, 245
Air Steward
, 196, 201, 248
Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA)
, 198, 293, 376
Air Union
, 196, 199
Air-mindedness
, 201
Airborne “stewards”
, 41
Aircraft Transport and Travel Ltd. (AT&T)
, 40, 372
Airline industry, organizational imagery in
, 369–370
Airline(s)
, 126, 228–229, 268, 397–398
beauty contests
, 231
business
, 76, 124, 194, 204, 227, 255, 294, 414
and employment of people of color
, 380–381, 382
and gendering of organizations
“gendered processes” framework
, 193
passenger activity and service provision strategies and recruitment
, 195–206
sexuality and strategy
, 206–207
theoretical framework
, 194–195
growth
, 217
industry
, 47, 205, 206
in Britain
, 210–211
British
, 209
construction of sexuality in
, 205
gender and micropolitics of resistance in Canadian
, 121–129
organizational imagery in
, 369–370
in United Kingdom
, 107
management
, 141
steward
, 64, 336
stewardess
, 233
strategy
, 242, 248–249
“Alienation” study
, 16, 18
All-male flight crew
, 196
emergent and deliberate strategies
, 196–198
symbolism and strategy
, 198–199
Alternative histories construction
, 80
Americanism
, 397, 398, 407, 427–428, 432, 440
ANT. See Actor-network theory (ANT)
Anti-glamour policy
, 221, 224
ANTi-History
, 176, 178–180, 187–188, 476–477
and Feminist
, 180–182
knowledge of the past
, 183
mapping in conversation with feminist scholarship
, 182
articulation
, 187
epistemological categories
, 187
methodology
, 183–189
“naturalcultural” categories
, 184
punctuated actor-network
, 189
punctuated history
, 186
relational approach to constitution of social past
, 187
voice of actors
, 185
See also “History”
Anticategorial complexity approach
, 418–419
Applied implications
, 155, 327–328
“Archival records”, accessibility of
, 96
Archival research
, 396–397
and case study strategies
, 96–97
Archives
, 100–104
working with
, 100–102
Archives
, 94, 96, 100–104
working with
, 102–104
Argentine division
, 405, 407
Articulation
, 185, 187, 188, 346
Artifacts
, 8, 96, 121–122, 171, 346, 368, 445
archaic
, 239
cultural
, 95, 98, 133, 135–136, 319
physical
, 50, 67
ASQ. See Administrative Sciences Quarterly (ASQ)
Association of Flight Attendants (AFA)
, 254
AT&T. See Aircraft Transport and Travel Ltd. (AT&T)
ATA. See Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA)
Austere atmosphere
, 221–222
Austerity
, 83, 225, 227, 253
Australian Flying Corp (AFC)
, 452
“Australian pioneering stock”
, 455
Aviation business environment in United States
, 294
Aviation Corporation of America (ACA)
, 403–404
BA. See British Airways (BA)
“Baby stewardesses”
, 309, 340
“Baby stewards”
, 309, 340
BAT. See Boeing Air Transport (BAT)
“Bathing beauty contests”
, 231
BBC rule
, 28–29
BEA. See British European Airways (BEA)
Beauty competitions
, 203, 321
Belt-tightening
, 88
Betty Trippe’s Diary
, 411–414
Black pride organizations
, 258
Blackler’s work on activity systems
, 66
emancipation
, 67
processes of mediation
, 68
strengthen elements of rules approach
, 69
Blacks/Race
, 431–432
BOAC. See British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC)
Board of Directors (BOD)
, 38, 81, 162, 165, 357–358
Body, personality to
, 230–234
Boeing Air Transport (BAT)
, 199–200, 202, 473
Boys to men
, 122–123
BPR. See Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
“Branded women”
, 158
Brazilian Division
, 405
British airlines
, 194, 199, 201–202
See also Canadian Airlines (CA)
British Airways (BA)
, 7, 9, 37, 73, 81, 194, 199, 204–206, 209, 240, 267, 289–290, 372
British Airways Newsletters
, 387–388
company newsletter and management of images
, 389–391
corporate materials in construction of discriminatory images
, 370–372
and development of corporate materials
, 372–375
gendered subculture making
, 39–40
gendered substructure of
, 40–41
images
of race and empire
, 378–387
of race and ethnicity over time
, 387–389
of sexuality
, 375–378
masculine archetypes at
, 240
airline strategy
, 248–249
changing strategy and changing corporate image
, 243–246
corporate imaging
, 247–248, 249
ground engineer
, 246
job characteristics
, 249–251
pilot
, 240–243
recruitment practices
, 246–247
organizational culture, imagery, and leadership
, 368–369
organizational imagery in Airline industry
, 369–370
See also Pan American Airways (Pan Am); Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA)
British Airways’ “supergirl” advertising campaign
, 205
British and North American airlines
, 193, 194
British European Airways (BEA)
, 64, 74, 201, 209, 216–217, 221, 240n, 250, 270, 371, 372, 464n
Magazine
, 232–233
organizational life of
, 203
“British Machines. British Pilots” slogan
, 375
British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC)
, 64, 74, 83, 201–202, 209, 216–217, 220–221, 240n, 250, 266, 372, 464n, 473–474
gendering comparison with TCA and
, 270
absence of female employees from
, 271–272
BSAA operation with BOAC
, 270–271
formative context, gender, and cultures of organizations
, 279–284
isomorphic mimicry and gendering of flight attendant role
, 276–279
masculine hegemony and absence of female labor
, 273–276
method of study
, 269–270
Newsletters
, 231–232
organizational culture
, 267–268
organizational life of
, 203
theoretical framework
, 268–269
British South American Airways (BSAA)
, 74, 270
BSAA. See British South American Airways (BSAA)
Bureaucracy
, 16, 213, 225–226, 355, 357
Bureaucratization
, 45, 225, 227, 245, 355, 378
Bush airman
, 122–123
Bush piloting
, 297
airline’s bush piloting heritage
, 298–299
economics and social context of bush piloting
, 297
TCA
, 299–300
Women and Aviation in Canada
, 300–301
Business history
, 75, 447
Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
, 59, 78
Business research methods
, 95
“Cabin boys”
, 41, 197, 200, 248, 276, 473
Canadian Airlines (CA)
, 267, 271
Air Canada’s acquisition of
, 165
blue uniforms of
, 166
micropolitics of resistance in
, 121–129
Canadian aviation
, 297
Bush piloting in Canada
, 297
TCA
, 299–300
Winnipeg operation of Western Canada Airways
, 298
Women and Aviation in Canada
, 300–301
Canadian National Railroad (CNR)
, 161–162, 275, 291
Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)
, 292
Canadian Royal Commission on Equity in Employment
, 288
Canal Zone Sub Division
, 405
Caribbean Division
, 405
Categorical approach. See Intersectional complexity approach
CDA. See Critical discourse analysis (CDA)
Centrality
, 86, 87, 258, 262, 375, 376
Chatelaine, Canadian magazine
, 128, 165
Chief executive officers (CEOs)
, 159
Chief financial officers (CFOs)
, 159
Children
, 126, 293, 309, 342, 462, 465
“Chinaman cook”
, 457, 465
Civilizing
, 455, 458, 464
influence
, 406, 410
local savages
, 454
Class
, 25, 385
divisions development
, 23
relations
, 464
Closed-system perspective
, 212
CNR. See Canadian National Railroad (CNR)
“Code share” ticketing arrangements
, 60
Colin Marshall
, 47, 199, 204–205
Colombian law
, 405
Commercial aviation
, 58, 274
Australian
, 456
dawn of
, 196
emergent and deliberate strategies
, 196–198
symbolism and strategy
, 198–199
in United States, (1918–1930)
, 293–296
Company materials
, 210, 217, 369, 387, 390
Company newsletters
, 135, 138, 237
and management of images
, 389–391
Competition
, 219
discourse of
, 310–312, 343
and strategic management
, 228–229
Complex organization
, 16
Comprehensive planning process
, 140
Conflicting imagery
, 222–225
Conformity
, 56, 120, 121, 230
Connotation
, 87, 141, 144–148
Conscious decision-making process
, 195
Constant
friction
, 128–129
smiling
, 53
Constitutes resistance
, 113–114
Constructivism
, 171
Content analysis
, 105, 194, 347, 382
Context
gender in
, 87–88
“men” in
, 238–239
studying gender in
, 87–88
Contradictions
, 19, 23, 31–32, 67, 172, 229
Conventional aspects
, 142
connotation
, 144–148
denotation
, 142–144
Corporate
British Airways and development of
, 372–375
culture approach
, 20
Gender Gap Report
, 146
histories
, 77, 89
images
, 90, 210–211, 247–248, 249, 369
image-making
, 372
uniformed female staff and
, 221–222
leadership
, 372
materials role in construction of discriminatory images
, 370–372
memories
, 89
CPR. See Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)
Critical discourse analysis (CDA)
, 447, 450
Critical hermeneutics
, 353–354, 396–397
approach
, 133, 135, 148
circle
, 133–134
Critical organizational historiography
, 180
Critical sensemaking approach
, 115, 119–121
discourse
, 117–118
formative contexts
, 115–116
organizational rules
, 116–117
sensemaking
, 118–119
Criticisms
, 115
Cultural/culture
, 146, 155–156, 160
artifacts
, 135–136
forms
, 16
leadership
, 370
maintenance strategies
, 30
traces
, 88–90
Darkest Africa
, 383, 431
Decision-making
conscious and rational
, 195
employee participation in
, 18
of organizational leaders
, 369
strategic
, 206–207
Deliberate strategy
, 371
dawn of commercial aviation and all-male flight crew
, 196–198
passenger service and female flight attendant
, 199–202
Democracy
, 119, 390, 414, 435
Denotation
, 141, 142–144
Department of National Defence (DND)
, 293, 300–301
Desexualization
, 278
organizational
, 213–214
as organizational discourse
, 220–225
organizational discourse and
, 227–228
policy
, 65, 68, 209–210
process
, 250
as sexual discourse
, 230
social discourse and
, 225–226
strategy
, 202
See also Sexuality
Desexualized steward
, 253
Dialectical materialism
, 21
Digging archeology
, 93
archival research and case study strategies
, 96–97
archives
, 94
Archives and Archives
, 100–104
case study on gendering of airline cultures over time
, 97–100
methods of analysis
, 104–107
research strategy
, 95
rule sets
, 97
Disciplinary convention
, 95, 107
Discourse
, 117–118, 165
analysis
, 105, 106
of competition
, 343
of women’s liberation
, 344–345
Discriminatory practices
, 3, 9, 80, 85, 98, 143, 160, 285, 440
construction
, 58
generation
, 59
material and innumerable examples
, 475
social character
, 116
study of
, 49
Discursive practices
, 63, 106, 118, 121, 217, 386
Diverse social practices
, 56, 194, 217
DND. See Department of National Defence (DND)
“Domestic idyll”, discourse of
, 44, 45, 103, 275
“Domestic” factors of human existence
, 24
“Domestic” routes
, 279
Dominant discourse
, 106, 288, 308, 310, 326, 339–340
Double indemnity
, 123–129
Dualistic accounts
, 114
Duelling discourses
, 343
Acker’s conceptualization of gendered substructure
, 306–307
application of Acker’s notion of gendered substructure
, 307
applied implications
, 327–328
BOAC and BEA
, 216–217
contributions to scholarship
, 327
creating and conceptualizing social structures
, 325–326
desexualization as organizational discourse
, 220–225
discourse
analysis
, 308
of competition
, 343
of women’s liberation
, 344–345
dominant discourse
, 326
eroticization as organizational discourse
, 228–234
gendering
cultures
, 319–321, 343–344
interactions
, 321–323, 344
practices/structures
, 315–319, 343
In-House Newsletter and rise of female employment
, 217–219
internal gender constructions
, 323–325, 344
limitations and future research directions
, 328
organizational discourse and desexualization
, 227–228
Pan Am in (1950s)
, 308–310
Pan Am in (1980s)
, 310–314
policy of desexualization
, 209–210
popular culture and images of sexuau1y
, 226
social discourse and desexualization
, 225–226
theoretical debates and issues
, 211–215
EEOC. See Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC)
Emancipation
, 67
“Emergent” strategy
, 206, 371
dawn of commercial aviation and all-male flight crew
, 196–198
passenger service and female flight attendant
, 199–202
“Empirical data corpus”
, 96
Employment
airlines and employment of people of color
, 380–381, 382
equity
, 139
practices
, 257
rules
, 102–103
Employment Equity Act
, 148
“Enacted cues”
, 65, 66
Enacted sense of organization
, 120, 349
Enactment of sensemaking
, 120
Engineered revolution
, 403
Entrepreneur
, 122–123, 204, 292
Epistemological categories
, 187
Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC)
, 254
Equal Opportunity
, 137, 142–143, 152, 313, 320, 442
Equality
of sexes
, 223
“Steering Group”
, 240
Erotic images
, 229–231
Eroticism
and organizational discourse
, 229
desexualization as sexual discourse
, 230
gender, fashion, and conformity
, 230
from personality to body
, 230–234
Eroticization
as organizational discourse
, 228
competition and strategic management
, 228–229
eroticism and organizational discourse
, 229
permissive society
, 229
period (1950–1975)
, 253–254
Esprit de corps
, 242, 296, 299
Ethnicity over time, images of race and
, 387–389
Ethnographic methods
, 164
ex-RAF officers
, 199
Exotic, images of
, 381, 383
Extra-organizational
influences
, 212
rules
, 6, 27, 268–269
Family
Acker and discourse of
, 340–342
commitments
, 18
socialization processes
, 24
Fashion
, 230, 321
patriarchal
, 308
tribal-like
, 165–166
Female employees
, 221, 344
Female employment, rise of
, 217–219
images of sexuality
, 218
war years
, 218–219
Female flight attendant
, 199
emergent and deliberate strategies
, 199–202
hiring of
, 221
professionalization
, 204
symbolism and changing strategies
, 202–204
Femininity
, 238, 336–337
Feminism
, 163, 177–182
and ANT
, 159
gender, “past, ” and ANT
, 160–161
past as actant
, 160
ANT and intersection with
, 168–173
and historiography
, 180–182
and re/writing of history
, 77–78
Feminist
, 176
ANTi-History and
, 180–182
mapping ANTi-History
, 182–183
notion
, 114
poststructuralism
, 307, 336, 448–449
Feminist materialism and organizational analysis
, 25
contradictions and resistance
, 31–32
culture
, 26
extraorganizational rules
, 27
reproduction rules
, 29
sexuality
, 28, 29
social regulative rules
, 30–31
state rules
, 29
strategic rules
, 30
technical rules
, 29
Feminist organization
analysis
, 50
gendered sub-structure
, 355
gender divisions
, 355–356
identity work
, 358
interactions
, 357–358
organizational logic
, 359–360
symbols
, 356–357
Feminist poststructuralist
, 448–449
account
Bush Piloting
, 297–301
Canadian Aviation
, 297–301
Commercial Aviation in United States, (1918–1930)
, 293–296
modifying gender gestalt
, 301–303
organizational culture over time
, 288–291
TCA (1937–1941)
, 291–293
approach
, 289, 420–421
First World War
, 241, 385
First-class service
, 42, 43, 199–200
First-class transportation industry
, 199
Flight crews recruitment
dawn of commercial aviation and all-male flight crew
, 196–199
passenger service and female flight attendant
, 199–204
professionalization of female flight attendant
, 204–206
Flight stewardesses
, 309, 339–340
Florence Nightingale to Venus di Milo
, 123
atmosphere of family picnic
, 126
constant friction
, 128–129
emphasis on charm and efficiency
, 129
evidence of mimetic isomorphic influences
, 124
male organizational audiences
, 125
TCA stewardesses
, 127–128
“Flying-Ace”
, 197
Foreign domination
, 257
Formal moment
, 141
Formal rules
, 54–55, 58–61, 116
Formative context
, 115–116, 279, 398, 401
of Canadian aviation
, 123–124
clerical work
, 280
government attitudes
, 281
organizational culture
, 281–282
wartime contingencies
, 282–284
Formative contexts
, 280
Fortune magazine
, 404–405
Foucauldian
analysis
, 97, 114
notion of discourse
, 370
Foucault and discourse
, 63–64
Frequent flyer programs
, 204
Functionalist treatments of gender
, 18–19
Gender
, 16, 119–121, 158, 177, 179, 184, 185, 230, 268, 279, 287–288
AC
, 122
analysis
, 19–21
boys to men
, 122–123
clerical work
, 280
in context
, 87–88
differentiation
, 16
dimension
, 86
divisions
, 195, 355–356
double indemnity
, 123–129
focus on
, 85–87
gender-based research
, 422
gestalt modification
, 301–303
government attitudes
, 281
neglect within organizational studies
, 17–19
organizational culture
, 281–282
past, and ANT
, 160–161
studying in context
, 87–88
systems
, 85
wartime contingencies
, 282–284
Gendered cultures
, 62–63
Gendered formal rules
, 59
Gendered processes
, 193, 194, 215
Gendered subculture making
, 39–40
Gendered substructure
, 334, 345–346
Acker’s conceptualization of
, 306–307
of feminist organization
, 355
gender divisions
, 355–356
identity work
, 358
interactions
, 357–358
organizational logic
, 359–360
symbols
, 356–357
Gendering
, 178
of Air Canada
airline management
, 141
applied implications
, 155
contributions to scholarship
, 154–155
conventional and structural aspects
, 142–148
critical hermeneutic approach
, 133–134
critical hermeneutics
, 153
cultural artifacts
, 135–136
formal moment
, 141
information content
, 149–150
intentional aspect
, 140
interpretation–reinterpretation
, 148–149
interpretive frame
, 150–153
limitations and future research directions
, 155–156
methodological approach
, 134–135
power
, 132
power and social relationship
, 153–154
referential aspect
, 140–141
social-historical moment
, 137–140
“World of Women” article
, 136–137
of airline cultures over time
, 97
case study on
, 97–100
of airlines
, 46–47
cultures
, 319–321, 332, 341, 343–344, 346
gendering interactions
, 348–349
internal gender constructions
, 349
organizational logic
, 347–348
of flight attendant role
, 276
revisioning gender
, 278–279
interactions
, 321–323, 332–333, 341–342, 344, 348–349
practices/structures
, 315–319, 332, 340–341, 343
over time
, 9–11, 12
Gendering of organizational culture
, 37, 49
applying rules approach to
, 57–63
BA
, 37
gendered subculture making
, 39–40
gendered substructure of
, 40–41
concerns, issues, and strategies
, 79
change vs. progress
, 82–85
focus on gender
, 85–87
history as discourse
, 79–82
studying gender in context
, 87–88
culture as metaphor for understanding
, 50–51
key organizational discourses
, 41–43
militarization of space
, 45–46
organizational rules as cultural framework
, 51–57
over time
, 6–8, 38, 72, 73
airline business
, 76
business history
, 75
corporate histories
, 77
cultural traces
, 88–90
feminism and re/writing of history
, 77–78
number of unique problems
, 74
organizational boundaries
, 74
rules and social psychological processes
, 63–69
sexuality
, 44–45
social discourse
and gendering of airlines
, 46–47
and practices
, 43
General Gomez
, 413
German Ideology, The
, 22
‘Gin’
, 460
Glamour
and female sexuality
, 222
girls
, 129, 253
glamorous role of airline stewardess
, 233
hostess
, 88, 202
and moral concern
, 228
Globalization
, 395, 414
Globalized environment
, 416
Government attitudes
, 281
Government policy
, 219
Great Depression
, 424–425
“Half-caste”
, 457, 465
Handley Page Transport (HPT)
, 40, 372
Hawthorne Studies
, 16, 17–18, 55–56
Hegemonic masculinity
, 238, 239, 263–264, 266–267, 273, 285
Hegemonic themes
imaging heterosexual organization
, 251–257
imaging white British organization
, 257–259
masculinity and
, 251
Hermeneutic circle
, 133–134, 353
Hermeneutic interpretation
, 354
“Heroic pilot”
, 8, 98, 288, 335, 375
Heterosexual masculinity
, 251–252
Heterosexual organization
desexualized steward
, 253
Eroticization period (1950–1975)
, 253–254
imaging
, 251
man the warrior
, 252–253
one of boys
, 251–252
resistance and advent of gay flight attendant
, 254–257
Historical materialism
, 21, 22
Historiography
, 180
Historiography, feminism and
, 178–179
“History”
, 177, 180, 183, 185
as discourse
, 79
alternative histories
, 80
BA
, 79, 81
hybrid entrepreneurial-military organization
, 82
new images of masculinity and femininity
, 81
UK National Health Service Trust
, 80
See also ANTi-History
Home, sexuality
, 44
Homosexuals
, 257
Horizons
, 140
“Hostess”
, 202, 221
HPT. See Handley Page Transport (HPT)
Hudson Bay Company
, 289–290
Hudson Fysh
, 453–454
Human agency
, 217
Human Resources Puts Employee Development
, 320
“Human resources” practices
, 54–55
Hybrid entrepreneurial-military organization
, 47, 82
ICAN. See International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN)
ICAO. See International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Identity construction
, 119
Imagery
, 368–369
Images/imaging
company newsletter and management of
, 389–391
of exotic
, 381, 383
heterosexual organization
, 251–257
from outposts
, 384–385
of race and empire
, 378–387
of race and ethnicity over time
, 387–389
of sexuality
, 375–378
of superiority
, 383–384
white British organization
, 257–259, 260
Imperial Airways
, 124, 243, 244, 380, 459, 463
Imperial Airways Gazette
, 372, 383
Imperial Airways Monthly Bulletin
, 372
Imperial heritage
, 381, 387
images from outposts
, 384–385
images of exotic
, 381, 383
images of superiority
, 383–384
Imperialism as social and organizational discourse
, 385–387
In-flight nurse to flighty flight attendant
, 199
In-house
journals
, 203
newsletter
, 140, 217
images of sexuality
, 218
war years
, 218–219
Informal rules
, 55–56, 61–62, 116
Informal social networks
, 31
Information content
, 149–150
Institutionalization and goal displacement model
, 355
Instone Air Lines
, 197, 199
“Integrationist”
, 181–182
Intentional aspect
, 140
Internal gender construction
, 323–325, 333, 338, 342, 344, 349
Internal mental work
, 41, 195, 274, 323
Internal newsletters
, 140
International business
, 394, 395
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
, 60, 103, 196, 242
International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN)
, 60, 196, 242
International Women’s Year (1957)
, 136, 139
Interorganizational linkages
, 60
Interpretation
, 133
interpretation–reinterpretation
, 148–149
Interpretive accounts
, 18–19, 20, 21
Interpretive frame
, 150–153
Intersectional complexity approach
, 419
Intersectionality
, 421, 423–424, 464–468
at margins
, 449–450
and theoretical categories
, 418–419
Intracategorical complexity approach
, 419
Isomorphic mimicry
, 276
revisioning gender
, 278–279
Joan Acker’s framework
, 353
Juan Trippe
, 413–414
Juncture(s)
, 9, 38, 104, 105, 423–424, 426–427
Americanism
, 433, 435
as heuristic for understanding intersectionality
, 421
intersectionality
, 423–424
Pan American Airways
, 423–424
of intersectionality
, 417
Pan Am
, 419–421, 427–433
retrospective study
, 418
and theoretical categories
, 418–419
masculinity
, 435–436, 440
“Orders From A Woman”
, 434–435
organizational culture over time as series of
, 40
organizations and laws
, 442–443
“Return of Martin Guerre”
, 436–440
social movements and legal advancement
, 441–442
whiteness
, 440
Knight of British Empire (KBE)
, 465
Knowledge
, 63, 159
notion of discourse
, 118
of past
, 183
Latin America
, 397, 401–403, 430
image of
, 409–411
imagining
, 407
Obama to
, 415–416
Law, John
, 158
Leaders
, 132
Leadership
, 368–369, 386
experience
, 28
metaphors of
, 227–228
Legal rules
, 60
Library search
, 8n
“Long Service in Tokyo”
, 388
“Looking-glass” effect
, 370
Macrosociology
, 212
Macrostrategies
, 172
Male employees
, 9, 126, 221, 227, 341, 437
Male-only flight crews
, 137, 201
“Maleness”
, 16, 164, 211, 261, 332, 375, 376, 428, 461
Management and Organization Studies (MOS)
, 447–448
Managerial realist
, 53
“Manliness”
, 257, 286
Marxist theory
, 9
Masculine
archetypes
, 240–251
hegemony and absence of female labor
, 273–276
Masculinist processes
, 78
Masculinity
, 238, 290–291, 336–337, 428–429, 435–436
and hegemonic themes
, 251–259
masculine archetypes at BA
, 240–251
“men” in context
, 238–239
multiple masculinities at work
, 259–263
Materialist
alternative
, 21
class divisions development
, 23
“domestic” factors of human existence
, 24
German Ideology, The
, 22
organizational desexualization
, 25
approach
, 17
Matrix of domination
, 426
“Men”
, 238–239, 388–389
Merger
, 40, 165–166, 322
Metaphors
, 57
of leadership
, 227–228
of masculinity
, 347
Mexican Division
, 405
Micropolitics of resistance in Canadian airline industry
, 121
AC
, 122
boys to men
, 122–123
double indemnity
, 123–129
Militarization of space
, 45–46
Military aviator
, 122–123
Mixed-blood
, 403
Modern European imperialism
, 378
Modernity
, 455
MOS. See Management and Organization Studies (MOS)
Multiple masculinities
, 86, 259
exploring
, 238–239
gender and organizations
, 259–260
gendered discourse
, 262–263
maleness
, 261–262
piloting
, 260–261
short-lived desexualization strategy
, 263
Multiplicity of discursive practices
, 117
Myth, connotation
, 146–148
National Air Transport (NAT)
, 295
National identities
, 401, 402
Nationality
, 385, 454
“Naturalcultural” categories
, 184
Network
, 163
hierarchical
, 169
informal social
, 31
Neutral look
, 230
New World
, 401, 402
New York, Rio and Buenos Aires Line (NYRBA)
, 406
Newsletters
, 135
Air Canada’s newsletters
, 133–134
British Airways In-House Newsletters
, 373–374
British Airways Newsletters
, 382
“British Airways” newsletters over time
, 375
in-house corporate newsletters
, 101
internal newsletters
, 140
internal newsletters at Pan Am
, 311
PAA newsletters
, 321
Non-bureaucratic organizations
, 360–361
“Non-white” images
, 381
“Non-whites”, superiority of
, 385
North American airlines
, 128, 343
NYRBA. See New York, Rio and Buenos Aires Line (NYRBA)
Obama, Barack
, 394, 395
to Latin America
, 415–416
On-going sense
, 120, 121
Ontological security
, 120
Opportunity 2000 program
, 10, 37, 38, 81, 389, 392
Opportunity structure
, 61, 212
Organization, Gender, and Culture
, 5–6, 15
feminist materialism and organizational analysis
, 25–31
gender differentiation
, 16
gender neglect within organizational studies
, 17–19
gendering of organizational culture over time
, 6–8
gendering over time
, 12
towards intersectionality in time
, 13–14
mapping out culture and gendering over time
, 9–11
materialist alternative
, 21–25
materialist approach
, 17
organizational culture and analysis of gender
, 19–21
researching past
, 11–12
Organizational actors
, 56, 62–63
Organizational analysis
, 17, 18, 212, 287–288
Organizational behavior
, 18, 20
Organizational boundaries
, 74
Organizational culture
, 19–21, 123, 132, 267, 268–269, 279, 287–288, 368–369
rules as
, 56–57
studying over time
, 57
clerical work
, 280
government attitudes
, 281
organizational culture
, 281–282
wartime contingencies
, 282–284
gendering over time
, 6–8
mapping out
, 9–11
over time
, 38, 288
junctures
, 38, 40
layers of influence on development of gendered substructure
, 39
multiple masculinities and early years of Air Canada
, 290–291
from theory to method
, 289–290
Organizational desexualization
, 25, 213
Organizational discourses
, 38, 41, 88, 99, 212–213, 305–306, 364, 372, 375, 386–387
and desexualization
, 227
conflicting imagery
, 222–225
glamour and moral concern
, 228
metaphors of leadership
, 227–228
restructuring and bureaucratization
, 227
staffing
, 220
uniformed female staff and corporate image
, 221–222
eroticization as
, 228–234
safety
, 42
service
, 42–43
Organizational factors
, 212
Organizational imagery in Airline industry
, 369–370
Organizational logic
, 331, 347–348, 359–360
Organizational practices
, 17, 44, 195, 442
in discriminatory outcomes for women
, 266–267
ordinary organizational practices
, 332
in social construction of gender
, 262
Organizational processes
, 368
Organizational rules
, 51, 116–117
formal rules
, 54–55
informal rules
, 55–56
managerial realist
, 53
rules and organizational actors
, 56
rules as organizational culture
, 56–57
shared meanings
, 52
studying organizational cultures over time
, 57
Organizational sense-making processes
, 20–21
Organizational shocks
, 84
Organizational structuring
, 211
Organizational studies
, 18
Organizations
, 148, 216
“Organizing logics”
, 306
Orientalism
, 379
PAA. See Pan American Airways (Pan Am)
Pacific Western Airlines (PWA)
, 194
Pan American Airways (Pan Am)
, 124, 267, 289–290, 306, 327, 331, 393, 395, 397, 423–424, 438
acquisitions
, 399
Betty Trippe’s Diary
, 411–414
chosen instrument
, 403
employment practices
, 407
Pam Am’s Southern Empire
, 405
Pan Am in practice
, 406–407
US State Department
, 404
formative context
, 398, 401
framework of analysis
, 396
archival research
, 396–397
critical hermeneutics
, 396–397
idea of Latin America
, 401–403
Latin America
, 403
Pan Am
, 397–401
US Interests
, 403
globalization
, 395
image of
, 407–409
imagining
, 407
international business
, 394, 395
Latin America
image of
, 409–411
imagining
, 407
matrix of domination
, 427
Americanism
, 427–428
Blacks/Race
, 431–432
Latin Americans
, 430
masculinity
, 428–429
whiteness and European heritage
, 428
women
, 432–433
in (1950s)
, 308–310, 339
in (1980s)
, 310, 343
discourse of competition
, 310–312, 343
discourse of women’s liberation
, 344–345
gendering cultures
, 343–344
gendering interactions
, 344
gendering practices/structures
, 343
internal gender constructions
, 344
other discursive spaces
, 312–314
Obama to Latin America
, 415–416
Pan Am—postpositive case study
, 419–421
postcoloniality and reading
, 414–415
postpositive case study
, 419–421
professional secretaries
, 315
system
, 400
US State Department
, 397–398
See also British Airways (BA); Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA)
Passenger activity and service provision strategies
dawn of commercial aviation and all-male flight crew
, 196–199
passenger service and female flight attendant
, 199–204
professionalization of female flight attendant
, 204–206
Passenger demographics
, 219
Passenger service
, 199
emergent and deliberate strategies
, 199–202
strategies
, 197
symbolism and changing strategies
, 202–204
“Past”
, 183
as actant
, 160
gender, “past,” and ANT
, 160–161
Permissive society
, 229
Personality to body
, 230–234
Pilot
, 240–243
female pilot
, 389–390
heroic pilot
, 375
Piloting
, 260–261
See also Bush Piloting
Pioneering
, 42, 45, 292, 409, 410, 454, 464
Plausibility
, 66, 121
failure
, 115
analysis and discussion
, 129–130
critical sensemaking, gender, and resistance
, 119–121
critical sensemaking approach
, 115–119
gender and micropolitics of resistance in Canadian airline industry
, 121–129
Polish Worker’s Defence Committee
, 119
Post hoc sensemaking
, 120
Post-war anti-colonialism movements
, 258–259
Postcoloniality
, 396, 414–415
Postmodernist analysis of organization
, 369–370
Postpositivism
, 94, 95
Postpositivist orientation
, 99
Poststructural feminism
, 114
Poststructuralism
, 95
Poststructuralist
feminism
, 114, 214–215
theory
, 9
Power
, 114, 132, 379
air power
, 425
dimensions of
, 21
of organizational rules
, 117
and social relationship
, 153–154
in Weick’s theory of sensemaking
, 65
Pre-war social hierarchy
, 201
Price wars
, 204
“Primary domestic responsibility” of women
, 29
Primer on ANT
, 162–164
Professionalism
, 53, 63, 127, 205, 222, 223, 226, 228, 244, 250, 263, 360, 436
Professionalization of female flight attendant
, 204
symbolism and strategy
, 205–206
“Psychicprisons” notion
, 370
“Psychological punch”
, 200
Pudney’s account
, 82
PWA. See Pacific Western Airlines (PWA)
Qantas
, 445
central actors
, 456
aborigines
, 457–460
intersectionality
, 464–468
success of airline
, 457
women
, 460–464
historiography approach
, 446
methodology
, 450
critical discourse analysis
, 450
materials and methods
, 451–452
partial sense of
, 452
themes
, 453
civilizing
, 455
modernity
, 455
nationality
, 454
pioneering
, 454
theoretical background
, 447
feminist poststructuralist
, 448–449
intersectionality at margins
, 449–450
traversing historic turn in MOS
, 447–448
Qantas at War
, 451, 459, 467
Qantas Rising
, 451, 454, 457, 461
Qantas: Wings to the World
, 451
RAAF. See Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)
Race
, 385
images of race and empire
, 378
airlines and employment of people of color
, 380–381, 382
imperial heritage
, 381, 383–385
imperialism as social and organizational discourse
, 385–387
orientalism
, 379
images of race and ethnicity over time
, 387
men
, 388–389
women
, 387–388
race-based research
, 422
Race Relations Act (1977)
, 380–381
Racial equality
, 258
Racial stereotypes
, 251, 258
Racist stereotypes
, 370
Radical humanism
, 19
Radical structuralism
, 19
RAF. See Reserve, or new Auxiliary Air Force (RAF); Royal Air Force (RAF)
Rational decision-making process
, 195
“Reactive meaning-makers”
, 117
Realism
, 165
Realist historical practices
, 165
Referential aspect
, 140–141
Registered Nursing qualifications (RN qualifications)
, 124
Reorientationalist approach
, 181–182
Reproduction
advertising in
, 370
of air forces
, 199
approach
, 115
rules
, 29
“Reproductive rules”
, 268–269
Research strategy
, 95
Reserve, or new Auxiliary Air Force
, 242
Resistance
, 31–32, 113–114, 119–121
Retrospective sense
, 120
“Return of Martin Guerre”
, 427, 436–440
Revisioning gender
, 278–279
RFC. See Royal Flying Corp (RFC)
RN qualifications. See Registered Nursing qualifications (RN qualifications)
Royal Air Force (RAF)
, 42, 47, 103, 242, 386
Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)
, 453
Royal Commission on the Status of Women
, 138–140
Royal commissions
, 162
Royal Flying Corp (RFC)
, 45, 241
“Rugged” imposition of rules
, 123
“Rugged” resistance
, 123
“Ruggedness” process
, 123
Rule(s)
, 116
approach to gendering of organizational culture
, 57
formal rules and gendering of organizational culture
, 58–61
informal rules and gendering of organizational culture
, 61–62
organizational actors and gendered cultures
, 62–63
concept
, 53
interpretation
, 116
makers
, 116
and organizational actors
, 56
as organizational culture
, 56–57
ruling class ideas
, 22
sets
, 97
and social psychological processes
, 63
Blackler’s work on activity systems
, 66–69
Foucault and discourse
, 63–64
Weick’s theory of sensemaking
, 64–66
Safety
, 42, 196–197
SAS. See Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)
SCADTA. See Sociedad Columbo-Alemana de Transportes Aereos (SCADTA)
Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS)
, 204–205
Scholarship, contributions to
, 154–155, 327
Science and technology studies (STS)
, 163
Scientific management
, 29
Second World War (WWII)
, 45, 198, 201, 376, 380
Sensemaking
, 115, 118–119
Sensemaking, properties of
, 64
Service
, 42–43
Sex
, 16
differences
, 211
power differentials
, 18
role spillover
, 61
sex-selling strategies
, 203
structuring of sex roles
, 212
Sexist stereotypes
, 370
Sexual attractiveness
, 28
Sexual discourse
, 230
Sexual expressions
, 25
Sexual identity
, 212
Sexual relations
, 213
Sexual revolution
, 88
Sexuality
, 28, 29, 44, 194–195, 212, 215, 225–226
construction of
, 205
home
, 44
images
, 218
images of
, 375–378
localized sites
, 216–217
popular culture and images
, 226
and strategy
, 206–207
work
, 45
See also Desexualization
Sexy stewardess
, 377
SFWR. See Stewardesses for Women’s Rights (SFWR)
Short-lived desexualization strategy
, 263
Simplistic accounts
, 114
Sintes, Yvonne
, 75n2
Social actors
, 115
Social construction
, 215, 216
Social discourse(s)
, 225–226, 385
austerity
, 225
bureaucracy, sexuality, and rise of welfare state
, 225–226
and gendering of airlines
, 46–47
and practices
, 43
“Social forces”
, 262
Social psychological factors
, 120
Social psychological properties
, 118
Social reality
, 187
Social regulative rules
, 30–31, 268–269
Social relations
, 215
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC)
, 6–7
Social sensemaking
, 121, 125
Social structures, creating and conceptualizing
, 325–326, 333, 338, 342
Social-historical moment
, 137–140
Sociedad Columbo-Alemana de Transportes Aereos (SCADTA)
, 405
Sociohistorical moment
, 134
Sociological frame of analysis
, 211
Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis
, 5
Sociopolitical attitudes
, 219
Socio-past, mapping
, 185
Socio-political conditions of creation of history
, 185
Socio-politics of actor-networks
, 185
SSHRC. See Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC)
Staff News
, 383
Staffing
, 220
State rules
, 29, 268–269
State-owned airlines
, 227
Stewardesses
, 278
Stewardesses for Women’s Rights (SFWR)
, 352, 360
gendered sub-structure of feminist organization
, 355–360
improving on Acker’s framework
, 363–364
Joan Acker’s framework
, 353
members
, 361–362
methodology
, 353–355
non-bureaucratic organizations
, 360–361
organization
, 363
organization for issues of stewardesses
, 362
stewardesses to
, 360
Stewarding
, 371
Strategy
, 195
for change
, 473–475
sexuality and
, 206–207
strategic actions
, 206
strategic management
, 193
strategic rules
, 30, 268–269
for study
, 475–477
symbolism and
dawn of commercial aviation and all-male flight crew
, 198–199
professionalization of female flight attendant
, 205–206
Structural feminism
, 115
STS. See Science and technology studies (STS)
Superiority, images of
, 383–384
“Supplementarist”
, 181
“Surplus labour”
, 22
Symbol
, 133
Symbolism
, 241
and changing strategies
, 202–204
and strategy
dawn of commercial aviation and all-male flight crew
, 198–199
professionalization of female flight attendant
, 205–206
“Systemic approach”
, 50, 51
Systemic discrimination
, 51
TCA. See Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA)
Technical knowledge
, 87, 203, 233, 453–454
Technical rules
, 29, 56, 59, 268–269
Textual analysis
, 164, 211
Third World
, 13, 258, 379
Total Quality Management (TQM)
, 55, 59, 78
“Toughness” process
, 123
“Traces”
, 7, 8
Trans World Airways (TWA)
, 194, 254, 289–290, 312
Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA)
, 115, 122, 126, 137, 161, 266, 288, 464n
employees
, 299
and Employment of Women, (1938–1940)
, 301–303
gendering comparison with BOAC and
, 270
absence of female employees from
, 271–272
crown-owned corporation
, 271
formative context, gender, and cultures of organizations
, 279–284
isomorphic mimicry and gendering of flight attendant role
, 276–279
masculine hegemony and absence of female labor
, 273–276
method of study
, 269–270
organizational culture
, 267–268
TCA (1937–1941)
, 291
Board and Canadian Railwayman
, 292–293
theoretical framework
, 268–269
See also British Airways (BA); Pan American Airways (Pan Am)
“Tried-and-true” labour
, 42
TWA. See Trans World Airways (TWA)
Two-way process
, 216
UK National Health Service Trust
, 80
Uniformed female staff and corporate image
, 221–222
Unionization
, 310, 313, 343
United Air Lines (UAL)
, 64, 124, 267, 276, 294
United States
, 293–296
Commercial Aviation in, (1918–1930)
US airline business
, 221
US airlines
, 199–200, 201–202
US Interests
, 403
US State Department
, 404
“Unproductive prejudices”
, 354–355
“Upper-crust” form of masculinity
, 45
Value systems development
, 20
War years
, 218–219, 271, 336, 425, 443
Wartime contingencies
, 282–284
Wartime military
, 41, 274
Weick’s sensemaking approach
, 119
Weick’s theory of sensemaking
, 64–66
See also Blackler’s work on activity systems
Welfare State
, 225–226
Western Canadian Airways and Canadian Air Lines
, 298–299
White British organization
, 257–259, 260
Whiteness and European heritage
, 428
WIM. See Women in management (WIM)
Womanhood
, 44, 46, 50, 78, 80–81, 122, 211, 290–291, 303, 389–390, 425
Women
, 122, 124, 212, 226, 229, 352
control mechanisms for
, 359
discourse of women’s liberation
, 344–345
history
, 78
identities for women of SFWR
, 358
issues
, 360
Qantas
, 460–464
with SFWR
, 362
Women’s Opportunities Council
, 314, 317
Women and Aviation in Canada
, 300–301
Women in management (WIM)
, 77
Women’s Royal Air Force (WRAF)
, 43, 102, 103, 198, 241, 273
Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS)
, 88
Work
, 45
clerical
, 280
identity
, 358
internal mental
, 41, 195, 274, 323
multiple masculinities at
, 259–263
Workplace discrimination
, 50
“World of Women” article
, 136–137
WRAF. See Women’s Royal Air Force (WRAF)
WRNS. See Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS)
WWII. See Second World War (WWII)
- Prelims
- Section I Introduction: The Gendering of Organizational Culture Over Time
- Chapter 1 Introduction
- Chapter 2 Organization, Gender, and Culture
- Section II Mapping Out Culture and Gendering Over Time
- Chapter 3 The Gendering of Organizational Culture: Social and Organizational Discourses in the Making of British Airways
- Chapter 4 Rules, Sensemaking, Formative Contexts, and Discourse in the Gendering of Organizational Culture
- Chapter 5 Studying the Gendering of Organizational Culture over Time: Concerns, Issues, and Strategies
- Chapter 6 Digging Archeology: Postpositivist Theory and Archival Research in Case Study Development
- Section III Researching the Past
- Chapter 7 When Plausibility Fails: Toward a Critical Sensemaking Approach to Resistance
- Chapter 8 The Gendering of Air Canada: A Critical Hermeneutic Approach
- Chapter 9 Men on Board: Actor-Network Theory, Feminism, and Gendering the Past
- Chapter 10 Performing the Past: ANTi-History, Gendered Spaces, and Feminist Practice
- Section IV Gendering Over Time
- Chapter 11 Strategy, Sexuality, and the Stratosphere: Airlines and the Gendering of Organizations
- Chapter 12 Dueling Discourses: Desexualization versus Eroticism in the Corporate Framing of Female Sexuality in the British Airline Industry, 1945–1960
- Chapter 13 Cockpits, Hangars, Boys, and Galleys: Corporate Masculinities and the Development of British Airways
- Chapter 14 Flying in the Face of Reality: Gender Rules in Trans-Canada Air Lines and the British Overseas Airways Corporation, 1919–1947
- Chapter 15 Masculinity and the Making of Trans-Canada Air Lines, 1937–1940: A Feminist Poststructuralist Account
- Chapter 16 Duelling Discourses at Work: Upsetting the Gender Order
- Chapter 17 Pleading the Fifth: Re-Focusing Acker’s Gendered Substructure through the Lens of Organizational Logic
- Chapter 18 Organizational Logic and Feminist Organizing: Stewardesses for Women’s Rights
- Section V Toward Intersectionality in Time
- Chapter 19 Man/Aging Subjectivity, Silencing Diversity: Organizational Imagery in the Airline Industry. The Case of British Airways
- Chapter 20 Markets, Organizations, Institutions, and National Identity: Pan American Airways, Postcoloniality, and Latin America
- Chapter 21 The Junctures of Intersectionality: Race, Gender, Class, and Nationality and the Making of Pan American Airways, 1929–1989
- Chapter 22 Reading Qantas History: Discourses of Intersectionality and the Early Years of Qantas
- Section VI Lessons Learned
- Chapter 23 Lessons Learned over Time
- References
- Index