Index

Citation

(2017), "Index", Bonifacio, G.T. (Ed.) Global Currents in Gender and Feminisms, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-483-520171027

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited

---

INDEX

Abella, Rosalie

, 131

Abortion

, 45, 55

rights

, 36

sex-selective

, 195

Abuse

, 52–54

sexual

, 53, 54

substance

, 230–234

workplace

, 159, 160, 163

Adolescent girls

, 266, 274

Aggression

, 117

Aggressiveness

, 116

Agreeableness

, 117

Agriculture societies

, 85

Alexander, Craig

, 134

American Psychological Association (APA)

, 116

Apostolic Visitation of religious orders

, 59

Arts Atrium

, 26

Assertiveness

, 116

Australia, women’s participation in

, 113–114

Autonomy

, 73, 219

Backlash

, 237

Bank of Canada

, 134

Basic Conditions of Employment Act of 1997

, 170n3

Basketball

, 279–289

Beijing Platform for Action

, 43

Benefits and Costs of Good Child Care, The

, 133

Bikini Kill

, 27

Biological reproduction, historical materialist analysis of

, 212

Birth control

, 213–221

bargaining with patriarchy for

, 219–220

and empowerment

, 217–218

male involvement in birth control

, 213–214

Birthright

, 69, 74–76

Blood compatibility, of contraceptives

, 206–207

‘Body as a Mirror to the Soul Discourse’

, 274

Body pedagogies

, 267

Body shape, with well-being

, 270

Boys, male violence against

, 111–112

Brazil

, 10, 35–46

Federal Constitution 1988

, 40

first wave of feminist movement

, 37–38

fourth wave of feminist movement

, 42–44

National Conference on Policies for Women

, 43–44

second wave of feminist movement

, 38–40

third wave of feminist movement

, 40–42

British Columbia

, 136

British Mines Act of 1842

, 170n1

Broad-Based Socio-Economic Empowerment Charter. See Mining Charter

‘Butches with Babies’

, 185

Butch lesbians

, 182, 184–186, 189, 193

Canada

, 2–5, 8–12, 129–138

child care as social investment

, 132–135

child care in

, 130–132

ChildCare 2020: From Vision to Action

, 129

endemic sexism

, 155–165

feminism in

, 130–132

feminism to child care in 21st century, continuing relevance of

, 135–138

Feminist International Assistance Policy

, 3

National Action Committee on the Status of Women

, 131

patriarchal commitments in Roman Catholic Church

, 49–60

pregnancy

, 182

Royal Commission on the Status of Women

, 131

Service, Office, and Retail Workers’ Union of Canada

, 131

sport and feminism in

, 253–261

Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women in Sport (CAAWS)

, 256

Canadian Child Care Act of 1987

, 132

Canadian Day Care Advocacy Association. See Child Care Advocacy Association of Canada (CCAAC)

Canadian Human Rights Act

, 157

Canadian Human Rights Commission

, 156

Canadian Women’s Hockey League

, 259

‘Capable Body’

, 268, 274

Capitalism

, 142–144, 256

Caregiver Program

, 136–137

Caste

, 68

Casual sex, attitudes about

, 117

Catholic Church

Ecclesiastic Base Communities

, 39

CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation)

, 30

Chamber of Mines

, 171, 176, 177

Chapter Nine Institution

, 170, 170n6

Charter of Principles

, 42n3

Child care

in Canada

, 130–132

feminism to child care in the 21st century, continuing relevance of

, 135–138

as social investment

, 132–135

ChildCare 2020: From Vision to Action

, 129, 130

Child Care Advocacy Association of Canada (CCAAC)

, 130, 131

Child bride

, 195

Children, male violence against

, 110–111

Citizenship

, 67–77

feminist perspectives on

, 70–71

rights

, 65, 137

in twenty-first century

, 73–77

Citizenship Act of 2006

, 73

Citizenship Certificate

, 73

Civil law

, 234

Class

, 41, 256

Coalition of Child Care Advocates of British Columbia (CCCABC)

, 136

Code of honour

, 94

Codes of (mis)conduct

, 259–260

Cognitive functioning

, 117

Commission on Gender Equality

, 170

Commodification

, 145

Community-Based Health Planning and Services Initiative

, 202

Comprehensive Peace Accord

, 73

Conceiving the New World Order

, 71

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF)

, 58

Consciousness raising

, 246

Contraception

, 55

Contraceptive use

blood compatibility

, 206–207

perceived dangers of

, 204–206

side effects of

, 197–208

Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

, 40, 43

Convention on Children’s Rights

, 99

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)

, 69, 97

Convention on the Rights of the Child

, 69

Cost–benefit analysis

, 162

Coursier, Isabel

, 258–259

Craftivism

, 22–24, 30–31

Craftivist Collective

Jigsaw Project

, 23

Criminalization of Women’s ordination

, 56–58

Critical feminism

, 51–52

Cultural identity

, 70

Cyber technology

, 2

Diffuse feminism

, 40

Diversification

, 37

Division of labour

, 85

Divorce

compulsory mediation in

, 100–101

struggling for

, 100–102

violence and

, 99–102

Do-it-yourself (DIY)

, 23–24, 27

Domestic sphere versus public sphere

, 87–88, 89

Domestic violence

, 225–228, 230, 233

defined

, 226

Domestic Violence (Amendment) Act 2012

, 226n1

Domestic Violent Act of 1994 (DVA)

, 226, 233, 234

Early childhood education and care (ECEC)

, 129, 130, 134, 135, 138

Early Childhood Educators of British Columbia (ECEBC)

, 136

Earth Charter

, 9

Ecofeminism

, 9

Economic exploitation

, 256

Economic globalization

, 10

Economic opportunities

, 137

Economic participation

, 8

Education

gender equality, in schools

, 117–120

physical

, 265–275

Emotions

, 117

Emphasized femininity

, 228

Employment Equity Act of 1998

, 170n3, 170n4

Empowerment

birth control and

, 217–218

fertility decline without, problematizing

, 211–221

Endemic sexism

, 155–165

Environmental justice

, 9

Environmental protection

, 9

Equal Employment Opportunities (EEO)

, 114

Equalitarian society

, 86

Equality

, 73, 75–76

gender

, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10–12, 36, 43, 97–98

Erasure

, 189–192

Ethnicity

, 68

Ethnogynecological knowledge

, 201

Exclusion

, 268, 289, 271

Exploitation

, 52–54

Extra material affair

, 230–234

Family

planning. See Family planning

policies, neoliberal and neoconservative trends on

, 95–97

residence

, 97

subordination of women in

, 98–99

violence

, 110

Family Allowance with the Child Tax Benefit

, 132

Family planning

, 197–208

blood compatibility

, 206–207

in Ghana

, 199

in sub-Saharan Africa

, 199–201

Family Protection Law

, 97

Family Violence Death Review Committee (FVDRC)

, 111

Female–male complementarity

, 86

Female infanticide

, 195

Female masculinity

, 183

Femininity

, 108

emphasized

, 228

traditional

, 228

See also Women

Feminism

, 2–7, 280, 281

in Canada

, 129–138

to child care in 21st century, continuing relevance of

, 135–138

critical

, 51–52

diffuse

, 40

ecofeminism

, 9

institutionalization of

, 39–43

intersectional

, 35–46

liberal

, 6

Marxist

, 6

in mining industry

, 174–177

multiracial

, 6

postcolonial

, 6

radical

, 6

and sexual harassment

, 164–165

and sports scholarship

, 255–257

today, meaning for

, 192–193

See also Women

Feminist

eyes

, 13–14

ideology of masculinity

, 242–243

intervention, in Canada

, 49–60

political economy of social reproduction

, 143–146

praxis

, 22–24, 31, 32

Feminist International Assistance Policy

, 3

Feminist perspectives

on citizenship/gender

, 70–71

on masculinity

, 241–242

Feminist Social Constructionist (FSC)

harassment analysis

, 164

theory

, 156–157

Feminist struggles

, 2, 3, 13

global currents in

, 7–9

Fertility control

, 202–203

gendered nature and social costs of

, 203–204

Fertility decline without women’s empowerment, problematizing

, 211–221

bargaining with patriarchy for birth control

, 219–220

birth control and empowerment

, 217–218

male involvement in birth control

, 213–214

men’s role in fertility decline

, 214–217

Finland

gender equality and inequality

, 109

Sámi reindeer herding

, 83

First Nations societies

, 82, 82n2, 84, 87

First wave of Brazilian feminist movement

, 37–38

Fourth wave of Brazilian feminist movement

, 42–44

GAD (Gender and Development)

, 5, 6

Gathering–hunting societies

, 85

Gazette, The

, 25

Gender

, 4–7, 67–77

defined

, 116

distinguished from sex

, 5

equality education in schools

, 117–120

equality

, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 36, 43, 97–98, 109–110, 117, 130, 170n3, 213

equity

, 12

feminist perspectives on

, 70–71

and identity

, 71–73

inequality

, 1–2, 4, 6–11, 13, 36, 68, 69, 81–91, 108–110, 115, 216, 256

justice

, 6

policing

, 187–189

quota system

, 113, 115

relationality of

, 5–6

and sex link, dismantling

, 115–117

similarity hypothesis

, 117

solidarity

, 173, 175

stereotyping

, 255

Gendered democratic institutionalization

, 37

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

, 69, 69n1

Gender Trouble

, 183

Ghana

, 12, 197–208

family planning in

, 199

Kassena-Nankana West District

, 202

Ministry of Health

, 202

Ghosts

, 254–255

Girl bodies

, 265–275

ambivalent stance towards

, 271–272

hegemonic stance towards

, 269–271

open-minded stance towards

, 272–274

Global care chain

, 145, 146

Global Gender Gap Index

, 5

Global women’s movements

, 35–46

Goulart, João (President)

, 38

Harper, Stephen

, 129, 135

Health and safety, in mining industry

, 176–177

Health and well-being

, 7–8

Hegemonic masculinity

, 171, 172, 227–228, 237, 238n2, 240, 242, 244–246, 248, 249

defined

, 227

Hegemony

, 228

Heterosexuality

, 256

Histories

, 254–255

of the present

, 260–261

Homophobia

, 256

Horizontal fluxes of feminism

, 44

Horticultural societies

, 85

Humanae Vitae

, 54

Humane Rights Commission (HRC)

, 112, 113

Humanism

, 6

Human Resource Capability Survey

, 113

Hunt, Barb

, 23

Husband–wife agreement, about contraception

, 217

Hypocrisy

, 53, 54, 56

Ice hockey

, 259, 260

Iceland, gender equality/inequality in

, 109

Identity

cultural

, 70

gender and

, 71–73

national

, 67

positioning process

, 239

Ignjatovic, Dina

, 134

Immigration Act 13 of 2002

, 170n4

Imperialism

, 52

Inclusion

, 251

social

, 137

Indian Act of 1876

, 82n2, 87

Industrial Revolution

, 87

Industrial societies

, 85

Inequality

gender

, 1–2, 4, 6–11, 13, 36, 68, 69, 108

social

, 68

Infertility

, 201, 202–203

Institutionalization of feminism

, 39–43

International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)

, 213, 220

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

, 69

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

, 257–259

Interpretive Content Analysis

, 268

Intersectional feminism

, 35–46

Intersectionality/intersectionalization

, 3–4, 7, 9–11, 13, 37

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

, 110, 195, 225–234

masculinity and

, 226–228

poverty and

, 226–228

Intrauterine device (IUD)

, 215, 216

Intuitiveness

, 116

Invisiblity

, 189–192

‘Involving men’ approach

, 215

Ireland, gender equality/inequality in

, 110

Israel

, 12, 237–249

physical education in

, 265–275

Istanbul Convention

, 102

Jigsaw Project

, 23

Justice

gender

, 6

environmental

, 9

reproductive

, 54–56

social

, 2, 7, 9, 13, 22, 39, 108

Karpu (chastity)

, 228, 231

Kassena-Nankana West District

, 202

Katie Cooke Task Force on Child Care

, 131

Knitting as pedagogy

, 21–32

Kurdish women

, 217–220

Labour Relations Act of 1996

, 170n3

Latin America

Pink Tide

, 42, 42n4

Leadership

, 50, 52, 53, 55–59, 117

Leadership Conference of Women Religious (LCWR)

, 58–59

Lesbianism

, 256

LGBTQI + 

, 19

Liberal feminism

, 6

Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP)

, 136

Local women’s movements

, 35–46

London School of Economics

, 9

Lorde, Audre

, 280

Lutz, Bertha

, 36

Macho Nationalism

, 68–69

Malaysia

, 12, 225–234

extra material affair

, 230–234

intimate partner violence

, 225–234

poverty

, 226–230

substance abuse

, 230–234

Tenth Malaysian Plan

, 229

Malaysian Indians, urban, poverty of

, 229

Male camaraderie

, 173

Male involvement, in birth control

, 213–214

Male role model

, 249

Male violence

, 50, 110–112

against men and boys

, 111–112

against women and children

, 110–111

Manitoba

, 142, 146, 149

Marital status

, 228

Marriage, subordination of women in

, 98–99

Marxist feminism

, 6

Masculinity

, 5, 108, 239–240

challenging

, 243–244

defined

, 246–247

female

, 183

feminist ideology of

, 242–243

feminist perspective of

, 241–242

hegemonic

, 227–228, 237, 238n2, 240, 242, 244–246, 248, 249

and intimate partner violence

, 226–228

in mining industry

, 171–174

See also Men

Masturbation

, 117

Mathematical abilities

, 117

Mechanical reindeer herding

, 85

Media literacy

, 108, 120, 121

Men

male violence against

, 111–112

role in fertility decline

, 214–217

See also Masculinity

Microaggressions

, 191

Migration

, 142, 148, 150

Mine and Works Act No. 25 of 1926

, 173, 173n9

Mine Health and Safety Act of 1996

, 170, 176

Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act of 2002 (MPRDA)

, 170

Mines and Works Act No. 12 of 1911

, 170

Mining Charter

, 170

Mining industry

, 169–178

feminism in

, 174–177

gender violence

, 176–177

masculine health and safety

, 176–177

masculinity in

, 171–174

personal protective equipment

, 171, 176

women in key occupations, representation of

, 174–176

Mining machines, design of

, 176

Misogyny

, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56

Modernization, Sámi reindeer herding before

, 85–87

Modern society, Sámi identity in

, 88–90

Motherhood

, 212

Mulroney, Brian

, 132

Multilateral Framework on Early Learning and Child Care

, 134

Multiracial feminism

, 6

Name of the Mother movement

, 69

National Action Committee on the Status of Women

, 131

National Child Benefit (NCB)

, 133

National Collective of Independent Women’s Refuges (NCIWR)

, 111

National Conference on Policies for Women

, 43–44

National Council of Women (NCWNZ)

, 108

National identity

, 67

Native Americans and the Christian Right

, 51–52

Neoconservative trends, on family policies

, 95–97

Neoliberalism

, 10, 42, 132

defined

, 132

Neoliberal trends, on family policies

, 95–97

Nepal

, 11

birthright and citizenship

, 67–77

Newfoundland Outport Nursing and Industrial Association (NONIA)

, 24

New Zealand

, 11, 107–121

Equal Employment Opportunities

, 114

gender equality

, 109–110

gender equality education, in schools

, 117–120

gender inequality

, 108–110

male violence against men and boys

, 111–112

male violence against women and children

, 110–111

sex–gender link, dismantling

, 115–117

State Services Commission

, 113

women’s participation

, 112–115

New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse (NZFVC)

, 110–111

Norway

gender equality and inequality

, 109

Sámi reindeer herding

, 82, 83, 88, 90

women’s participation

, 113

Nurturance

, 116

Obama administration

, 3

Occupational culture

, 171, 175

Olympic Winter Games 2010

, 258

One Stop Crisis Centre (OSSC)

, 233

Online/offline harassment

, 110

Ontario Coalition for Better Day Care

, 131

Ontario Human Rights Code

, 158

Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC)

, 158

Ontario Women’s Hockey Association

, 256

Openness to diversity

, 274–275

Oppression

, 52, 242

Overpopulation

, 214

“Package to Support Family and Dynamic Population Structure, The,”

, 96

Pastoral societies

, 85

Patriarchy

, 67–77, 212, 213, 238, 243, 248

for birth control, bargaining with

, 219–220

Performativity

, 183

Personal as political

, 280, 281

Personality traits

, 117

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

, 171, 176

Philippines

, 5, 6, 136, 141–151

feminist political economy of social reproduction

, 143–146

gender equality and inequality

, 110

service and/as reproduction

, 146–150

Temporary Foreign Worker Program

, 148, 149

Physical aggression, expression of

, 117

Physical education (PE)

, 265–275

as field of inequality

, 267

openness to diversity

, 274–275

teachers’ talk about girls

, 268–274

Physical violence

, 111–112

Pick-up industry

, 238, 238n2, 245, 246, 249

culture of

, 240–241

Policing, gender

, 187–189

Policymaking

, 37

Political empowerment

, 8–9

Political representation

, 36

Polygyny

, 201, 202, 205

Pope Benedict XVI

, 58

Pope Francis

, 58

Pornography consumption

, 117

Postcolonial feminism

, 6

Postfeminism

, 108

Poverty

, 226–230

and intimate partner violence

, 226–228

of Malaysian Indians

, 229

Poverty line income (PLI)

, 229

Pregnancy

, 181–193

desiring

, 183–187

gender policing

, 187–189

invisiblity and erasure

, 189–192

Prohibition of Women’s ordination

, 56–58, 59

Psychological well-being

, 117

Public sphere versus domestic sphere

, 87–88, 89

Queer

, 181–183, 184n3, 185–186, 188–190, 192, 193

art as failure

, 183

Racial identity

, 41

Racial solidarity

, 173

Racism

, 52

Radical feminism

, 6

Rape

, 53, 99, 111, 177

culture

, 238, 248

Rape Prevention Education (RPE)

, 112

Rationality

, 116

Red Trench

, 22, 25–28, 30

Reindeer herding. See Sámi reindeer herding, Swedish legislation of

Reindeer Herding Act of 1971

, 83

Relationality of gender

, 5–6

Religion

, 68

Reproduction

, 212

feminist perspectives on

, 198–199

of social relations. See Social reproduction, feminist political economy of

service and

, 146–150

service as

, 146–150

Reproductive justice

, 54–56

Reproductive labour

, 10

Reproductive rights

, 45, 213

Reverse sexism

, 243

Revitalization

, 37

Rights

abortion

, 36

birthright

, 69, 74–76

citizenship

, 65, 137

reproductive

, 45, 213

transgender

, 2

Riot Grrrl movement

, 27, 30

Rock drill operators (RDOs)

, 174

Roman Catholic Church, patriarchal commitments in

, 49–60

critical feminism

, 51–52

exploitation and abuse

, 52–54

reproductive justice

, 54–56

Vatican’s investigation and surveillance of women religious

, 58–60

women’s ordination, prohibition and criminalization of

, 56–58

women-centred methods

, 51

Rousseff, Dilma

, 44

Royal Bank of Canada

, 134

Royal Commission on Equality in Employment

, 131

Royal Commission on the Status of Women

, 131

Russia

Sámi reindeer herding

, 83

Rwanda, gender equality/inequality in

, 110

SA Constitution

Section

, 187, 170n6

Sámi Herders (film)

, 82

Sámi reindeer herding, Swedish legislation of

, 81–90

before modernization

, 85–87

gender inequality

, 82

identity in modern society

, 88–90

public sphere versus domestic sphere

, 87–88, 89

state regulation

, 84–85

Savage capitalism

, 39

Scandinavia

Sámi reindeer herding

, 84

School(s/ing)

gender equality education in

, 117–120

for reindeer herding families

, 84

Schuurman, Hubert

, 82

Second wave of Brazilian feminist movement

, 38–40

Self-made man

, 238n2

Sensation seeking

, 117

Sensitivity

, 116

Service and/as reproduction

, 146–150

Service, Office, and Retail Workers’ Union of Canada (SORWUC)

, 131

Sex

defined

, 116

distinguished from gender

, 5

and gender link, dismantling

, 115–117

Sexism

, 52, 115, 117, 118, 121, 286, 289

endemic

, 155–165

reverse

, 243

Sex-selective abortion

, 195

Sexual abuse

, 53, 54

Sexual aggression, systemic support for

, 155–165

Sexual division of labour

, 144, 147

Sexual harassment

, 155–165

defined

, 157–158

feminism and

, 164–165

in mining industry

, 176, 177

reporting

, 160–163

risk factors for

, 158–160

system’s response to

, 160–163

Sexual violence

, 53, 54, 110

Shame

, 94, 98

Sharing circle method

, 242

Sikhimism

, 75

Single parent household

, 103

Situated knowledge

, 3, 4, 14

Ski jumping

, 257–259

Skills Development Act 97 of 1998

, 170n4

Slovenia, gender equality/inequality in

, 110

Sochi Games

, 259

Social behaviours

, 117

Social change

, 24, 31

Social construction

, 12

gender as

, 4

of natural sexual difference

, 6

Social inclusion

, 137

Social inequality

, 68

Social investment, child care as

, 132–135

Social justice

, 2, 7, 9, 13, 22, 39, 108

Social reproduction, feminist political economy of

, 143–146

Solidarity

gender

, 173, 175

racial

, 173

South Africa

, 12

women mineworkers

, 169–178

South African Minerals Act of 1991

, 170, 173n9

Special Secretariat for Policies for Women

, 44

Sport/gender nexus

, 256

Sports

, 253–261

basketball

, 279–289

codes of (mis)conduct

, 259–260

scholarship, feminism and

, 255–257

ski jumping

, 257–259

as triumphant feminist tale

, 253–254

State regulation of reindeer herding

, 84–85

Sub-Saharan Africa, family planning in

, 199–201

Substance abuse

, 230–234

Surveillance of women religious

, 58–60

Sweden

, 11

gender equality/inequality in

, 110

gender equality education in schools

, 118

Reindeer Herding Act of 1971

, 83

Sámi reindeer herding

, 82, 83, 87–90

Swedish legislation of Sámi reindeer herding

, 81–91

before modernization

, 85–87

gender inequality

, 82

identity in modern society

, 88–90

public sphere versus domestic sphere

, 87–88, 89

state regulation

, 84–85

Syariah laws

, 234

Tacit knowledge

, 173

Tamil

, 228, 229, 233

Temperament

, 117

Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP)

, 136, 148, 149

Temporary foreign workers (TFWs)

, 148–149

Tendermindedness

, 117

Tenth Malaysian Plan

, 229

Thin Discourse

, 269, 273, 274

Third wave of Brazilian feminist movement

, 40–42

3D mental rotation

, 117

Toronto-Dominion (TD) Bank

, 134

Traditional femininity

, 228

Transforming our World: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

, 7

Transgender rights

, 2

Trans men

, 182–183, 186, 189, 193

Transnational distribution of reproduction

, 151

Transnational labour networks

, 145

Trudeau administration

, 2

Trump administration

, 3

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Report

, 138

Turkey

, 11, 12, 93–104

fertility decline without women’s empowerment, problematizing

, 211–221

Ministry of Family and Social Affairs

, 94

neoliberal and neoconservative trends on family policies

, 95–97

State Ministry for Women (Ministry of Family and Social Policies)

, 97

subordination of women, in family and marriage

, 98–99

Turkish Family Law

, 97–98

violence and divorce

, 99–102

women-to-women domination

, 102–103

Turkish Demography and Health Survey (TDHS)

, 216

Turkish Statistical Agency on ‘Income and Life Conditions’

, 95

Turkish Statistical Agency Surveys

, 95

‘Tyranny of Slenderness’

, 268, 274

UN Charter

, 36

United Kingdom, women’s participation in

, 113–114

United Nations (UN)

Conference on Women 1975

, 38, 39

Sámi reindeer herding

, 83

Transforming our World: 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

, 7

UN Women’s Decade 1975–1965

, 38, 40

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

, 118

United Nations Development Programme

, 69

United Nations Population Fund

, 202

United States (US)

gender equality education in schools

, 118–119

United States Agency for International Development (USAID)

, 118

Universal Child Care Benefit

, 137

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

, 69

Universal education

, 8

Urban poor

, 228, 233, 234

Vancouver Organizing Committee

, 258

Vatican’s investigation of women religious

, 58–60

Victimization

, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162

Violence

and divorce

, 99–102

domestic

, 225–228, 230, 233

family

, 110

intimate partner

, 110, 195, 225–234

male

, 50, 110–112

in mining industry

, 176–177

physical

, 111–112

sexual

, 53, 54, 110

Vulnerability

, 243–244

‘Wages for Housework’ movement

, 138

West Africa, family planning in

, 201, 202

Womanism

, 6

Women

autonomy

, 55

male violence against

, 110–111

mineworkers

, 169–178

participation

, 112–115

prohibition and criminalization of ordination

, 56–58

religious, in Canada

, 49–60

work

, 23

See also Femininity; Feminism

Women’s Aids Organization (WAO)

, 226

Women’s Environmental Nework (WEN)

, 9

Women’s Patriotic Association

, 24

Women’s Rights Councils

, 39

Women Friendly Constitution

Collective Campaign

, 69

Women-to-women domination

, 102–103

Workers’ Party

, 42

Workplace abuse

, 159, 160, 163

Workplace harassment

, 155–165

World Economic Forum (WEF)

, 5, 110

World March of Women

, 42

World Social Forum

, 42, 42n3

Wright, Don

, 25

Yarn bombing

, 22–25, 30, 31