Index

Citation

(2017), "Index", Fée, D. and Kober-Smith, A. (Ed.) Inequalities in the UK, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 357-369. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-479-820171031

Publisher

:

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited

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INDEX

Affordable housing

, 186–188, 194–197

After housing costs (AHC)

, 25–26, 143, 308

‘Anglosphere’ countries

, 29

Anti-poverty strategies in Wales

, 328–331

Archipelago economy

, 66

Aristotelian legalistic approach

, 171

Asylum policy

, 253

Asylum seeker

, 252–265

‘At-risk-of-poverty’ rate

, 139, 141

Attainment gap

, 206, 207

Atypical employment

, 326

Austerity

, 72, 106, 142–143, 156, 158, 182, 189, 197–198, 234, 252–253, 262, 288, 354

policies

, 73, 217–228, 234, 314

reinforcing gender divide

, 239–240

Banking system contraction

, 187

Bedroom tax

, 263

Before housing costs (BHC)

, 25–26

Behaviour patterns, changing

, 318

‘Below MIS’ indicator signals

, 113

Black and minority ethnic communities (BAME communities)

, 291

Bonding social capital

, 277, 278

Bourdieu, Pierre

, 79, 80, 254

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

, 78, 81

British Sociological Association’s ethical guidelines

, 273

Buy-to-Let

housing

, 202

investment

, 191–192

investors

, 191

landlords

, 187

lending

, 193

purchases

, 200

rental sector

, 31

Cambridge Social Interaction and Stratification Scale (CAMSIS)

, 81

Cameron and May governments’ strategies for the North

, 71–72

Capital in the Twenty-First Century

, 51, 78

Capitalism

, 25, 50, 156, 157

inclusive

, 44

patrimonial

, 78

predatory

, 158

Capitals approach to class

, 78–80

Capping household benefit payments from 2013

, 171–172

Cardiff Capital Region City Deal

, 336

Case for Universalism

, 221–222

Cash benefits

, 124–131

Casual Vacancy

, 20

Catholic/Protestant social inequalities in Northern Ireland

, 347

education opportunities

, 347–348

employment

, 348

housing

, 350–351

unemployment

, 349

Centre for Economics and Business Research (CEBR)

, 64

Chartered Management Institute (CMI)

, 239

Child poverty

, 50, 112, 153, 306, 316, 328

Child Poverty and Social Mobility Commission’s report (2014)

, 209–210

Child Tax Credits

, 50, 153, 240

Childcare subsidy

, 240

Children and Families (Wales) Measure (2010)

, 330

Children’s social participation

, 109

Christian democracy

, 43

Chronically Sick and Disabled Act (1970)

, 169

Cities Outlook report

, 62

City Learning Centres (CLCs)

, 207

Coalition government

, 72, 189

of Conservatives and Liberal Democrats

, 168, 206, 208, 209, 212

Coalition’s Record on Schools

, 210

Combating unequal inclusion of immigrants into host society

, 285

characteristics of studied cities

, 289

integration

, 286–288

local dimension into policy

, 290–292

methodology

, 288–289

spatial distribution of immigrants

, 290, 291

tools and measures by local integration policies

, 292–300

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

, 141

Comparators use in equality impact assessments

, 179–180

Comprehensive Spending Review in October (2010)

, 168

Conservative and Labour manifestos (2010)

, 102–104

Conservative Party

, 197, 198–199, 234, 241–242

Consumer Prices Index

, 174

Contemporary government policy

, 49

Contemporary welfare debates, proportionate universalism within context of

, 221–223

Context, inequality trends in

, 25–27

Contribution-based Employment and Support Allowance

, 173

Cope with pressure of care, measures to

, 246

Corbyn, Jeremy

, 150, 158–162

Council and housing association sector

, 193

Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)

, 311

Council Tax Benefit (CTB)

, 169, 239

localisation and reducing spending on

, 172–173

Credit crunch

, 186–188

Critical geopolitics approach

, 61

Crystal meth

, 280

Cultural

capital

, 80–82

integration

, 287

issues in Northern Ireland

, 353

triumph

, 264

Cyprus

, 124

Data issues

, 176

administrative data

, 177–178

Family Resources Survey

, 178–179

survey data

, 178

Davies report (2010)

, 245–246

De-industrialisation

, 324

Dead money

, 46

Department for Business Innovations and Skills (BIS)

, 245

Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)

, 206

Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG)

, 142, 169, 172

Department for Education (DfE)

, 210, 212, 237

Department for International Development (DfID)

, 254

Department of Work and Pensions (DWP)

, 25, 27, 168, 177

officials

, 175, 178, 179

Dependency culture

, 60

Deprivation

, 60, 66, 69, 73, 111, 152, 226, 256, 343

extension to wider population

, 262–263

housing

, 259–260

Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

, 275, 309

money

, 257–258

sense of safety

, 260–262

social contact

, 260

work

, 258–259

Devolution

, 71, 72

Devolved powers

benefits

, 312–314

inequalities in workplace

, 311–312

reluctance to raise taxes

, 314–315

tackling income inequalities

, 311–315

Direct taxes

, 124–131

comparing impact of cash benefits with

, 124–131

Disability

, 254

living allowance

, 262–263, 313

social model of

, 256

Disabled asylum seekers

, 251, 255, 256

deprivation extension to wider population

, 262–263

exceptionalism

, 264–265

Immigration and Asylum Act

, 252

terminology, classifications of entitlement and resulting inequality

, 253–256

wider population of disabled people

, 262

See also Deprivation

Dispersal policy

, 263

Disposable incomes

, 21, 22, 26, 34, 41, 46, 120–122, 127, 130–131, 139–140

Gini coefficient

, 25, 136

median

, 23

Distribution question

, 43–47

Diverging fortunes of different social groups

, 27–28

Downton Abbey

, 20

Dwellings by Tenure, England

, 193

Economic

capital

, 82

crisis

, 186–188, 201, 324, 331, 333, 343, 344

impact of inequality

, 41–43

issues in Northern Ireland

, 353

policy

, 60, 62

Economic inequalities

, 41, 78–80, 98, 212, 324, 334–336

evolution of inequality and poverty

, 25–32

standard measurement of poverty and inequality

, 20–25

in United Kingdom

, 19–32

Education

, 328

Educational inequalities

, 206, 315–318

Education policy

, 245

Education Action Zones (EAZs)

, 207

Education Opportunities of Catholics/Protestants in Northern Ireland

, 347–348

Egalitarian project, Labour Party and

equality under Miliband

, 155–158

Labour under Corbyn

, 158–162

New Labour and equality

, 150–152

New Labour record

, 152–155

shrinking constituency for equality

, 158–162

Electoral spatial divide

, 61

Emergency Budget (2010)

, 194

Employment

of Catholics/Protestants in Northern Ireland

, 348

inequality in Wales

, 331–334

See also Unemployment

Employment Protection Act (1982)

, 235

England, inequalities in

Cameron and May governments’ strategies for the North

, 71–72

economic policy

, 60–61

North/South divide geopolitical issue

, 67–71

reality and relevance of North/South divide image

, 62–66

Entitlement, classifications of

, 253–256

Equal Pay Act (1970)

, 169, 235, 240–241, 242

Equality Act (2010)

, 170, 177, 240–241, 242, 298, 331

Equality

New Labour and

, 150–152

shrinking constituency for

, 158–162

under Corbyn

, 158–162

under Miliband

, 155–158

in Wales

, 328–331

See also Inequalities

Equality and Efficiency

, 42

Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)

, 173, 256

Equality and nondiscrimination legislation

, 169

capping household benefit payments from 2013

, 171–172

Equality Act (2010)

, 170

Housing Benefit

, 174–175

LHA reforms

, 174–175

localisation and reducing spending on Council Tax benefit

, 172–173

Public Sector Equality Duty

, 170–171

Substantive equality

, 171

Time Limiting Contributory Employment and Support Allowance

, 173–174

Universal Credit implementation

, 175–176

welfare measures

, 171

working-age benefits

, 175

See also Inequalities

Equality Duty

, 168, 171, 176

Equality Impact Assessments (EIA)

, 169, 171–172, 174–176

comparators use in

, 179–180

Established cultural capital

, 81

Ethical decision-making framework

, 273

EU legal and regulatory frameworks

, 141

EUROMOD model

, 121

European Commission (2014)

, 241–242

European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

, 142

European Social Fund (ESF)

, 142

European Socio-Economics Classification (ESEC)

, 79

European Union (EU)

, 21, 120, 198–199, 234, 287, 311

contribution to reducing inequality

, 139–142

inequality vs. socioeconomic indicators in EU Countries

, 137–138

inequality within

, 139

European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)

, 120, 121, 124

Eurostat approach

, 124

Excellence in Cities (EiC)

, 207

Exceptionalism

, 264–265

Fair Employment Legislation

, 352

Family Resources Survey (FRS)

, 174, 178–179, 344

Female representation on boards

, 245–246

Financial crisis

, 25–32, 42, 45, 47, 51

2008 Crash

, 41, 44, 50

post-2008 crisis

, 43

Financial Times

, 51, 209

France

, 291–292

Free school meals (FSM)

, 207

Freedom of Information requests

, 255

Fresh Start’ Stormont Agreement and Implementation Plan

, 354

Full employment

, 330, 331, 336

Funding for Lending Scheme (FLS)

, 189

Future Generations Wales Act (FGW Act)

, 330

GCSEs

, 207–208, 275, 347

Gender Equality Duty (2006)

, 241

Gender inequalities in Britain

, 243

austerity reinforced gender divide

, 239–240

education policy

, 245

increasing female representation on boards

, 245–246

mandatory gender pay reporting

, 241–243

See also Social inequalities

Gender pay and prospects gap in Britain, bridging

, 240

Gender pay gap (GPG)

, 234, 239, 240, 244, 230

Gender policy

, 241–242

‘Gig’ economy

, 327

Gini coefficients

, 22–23, 47, 121, 127, 154, 307, 309

changes in

, 125, 132

cross-country differences in levels of

, 131

Gini index

, 120

‘Glass ceiling’ effect

, 234

Glassdoor Economic Research (2016)

, 235

‘Golden Triangle’

, 82

Good Friday Agreement (GFA)

, 342, 352

Government Equalities Office

, 242–243

Government priority

, 206–208

Great British Class Survey (GBCS)

, 78, 80–81

Great Crash (1929)

, 42

‘Great Moderation’ years (2008)

, 46

Great Recession 2008

UK labour market

, 325

in Wales

, 331–334

Greater London Authority (GLA)

, 82, 295

Gross Domestic Product

, 44, 45, 53, 137, 152, 247, 311, 336

Gross incomes

, 22, 124, 126, 127, 130, 131

Gross value added (GVA)

, 63, 325

Health and education inequalities

, 315–318

Health and Social Care Act (2012)

, 220

Health inequalities

, 218, 224–228, 311, 316

case-study methods

, 223–224

policy

, 219–221

proportionate universalism

, 221–222

in Scotland

, 218–219

Health policy

, 223

Healthy life expectancy (HLE)

, 219

Help-to-Buy

, 191, 200, 210

Home Office equality impact assessment

, 255

Home ownership

, 31, 186, 189–191, 198, 344–346, 350

Homelessness policy

, 186, 196–197, 199, 259, 280

Homeownership, decline of

, 31

Homes and Communities Agency (HCA)

, 187

Horizontal and vertical segregation

, 238–239

House of Commons Library report (2016)

, 239, 240

House of Commons’ Scottish Affairs committee

, 312

Household

income

, 82, 92

value of household savings

, 92

Households below average income (HBAI)

, 25, 26, 103, 177

Housing

, 31, 185–187, 259–260, 344–345, 351

associations

, 174, 187, 191, 193–195, 197–201, 350–351

Catholic/Protestant social inequalities in Northern Ireland

, 350–351

Housing and Communities Inequalities in Northern Ireland

, 345

Housing and Planning Act (2016)

, 198

Housing and Regeneration Act (2008)

, 187

Housing Benefit

, 174–175, 180, 193, 195

Housing policy and making of inequality

affordable housing

, 194–197

austerity

, 189–194, 197–200

credit crunch and economic crisis

, 186–188

impact of housing costs

, 31

Human capital theory

, 235–236

Human Rights in Northern Ireland

, 352–353

Immigrants

, 161, 253, 286, 287, 289

characteristics of studied cities

, 289

integration

, 286–288

local dimension into policy

, 290–292

methodology

, 288–289

spatial distribution of immigrants

, 290, 291

tools and measures by local integration policies

, 292–300

Immigration Agency

, 295

Immigration and Asylum Act (1999)

, 252, 254, 259, 262–263

Immigration and Asylum Appeals Act

, 253

Income

disparities

, 40, 307–309, 343

inequalities

, 20, 22–25, 31, 34, 112, 120, 121, 127, 154, 219, 308, 311–315, 342–344

Income-related Employment and Support Allowance

, 173

Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

, 275, 309

Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)

, 27

Integration of immigrants

, 286–289, 292–300

Inter-city patterns of inequality in United Kingdom

, 89–98

International Labour Organisation (ILO)

, 44, 45, 235

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

, 44

Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA)

, 272

Kingmill Report on Women’s Employment and Pay

, 238

Labour market

, 27, 28, 48, 153, 324, 325, 331

inequalities in Northern Ireland

, 345–346

Labour Party and egalitarian project

equality under Miliband

, 155–158

Labour under Corbyn

, 158–162

New Labour and equality

, 150–152

New Labour record

, 152–155

shrinking constituency for equality

, 158–162

Learning Support Units (LSUs)

, 207

Legal frameworks and social inequalities in Northern Ireland

, 351–355

Lewisham

, 288, 295

Lewisham Civic Leadership Programme

, 297–298

Lewisham Council

, 296, 297

Lewisham Young Mayor Scheme

, 298

Living standards

, 24, 27, 41, 42, 45, 48, 102–104, 110–114, 159

MIS as rich description of

, 104–109

Local dimension into policy

, 290

British case

, 290–291

French case

, 291–292

Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)

, 71

Local Government Association

, 209

Local Government Districts (LGDs)

, 344, 348

Local Housing Allowance (LHA)

, 174, 195, 196

reforms

, 174–175

Local integration policies

London

, 295–300

Paris

, 292–294

tools and measures used by

, 292–300

Localism

, 72, 272, 282

Localism Act (2011)

, 189, 196

London

combating inequalities

, 288

local integration policies

, 295–300

spatial distribution of immigrants in

, 290

London, East and South East (LESE)

, 325

Long-term unemployment in Northern Ireland

, 345

Lowestoft

, 272, 274–275

churn between insecure jobs

, 276–277

consequences of unemployment

, 278–281

methodological approach

, 273–274

young people’s perspectives

, 275–276

Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)

, 120

Mandatory gender pay reporting

, 241–243

Market

, 52

adjustments

, 200

capitalism

, 44

income

, 124

inequalities on labour market

, 345

labour

, 27, 28, 48, 153, 324, 325, 331

market-based approach

, 52

Mediterranean capitalism

, 29

Meritocracy

, 155, 162, 211

Meritocratic vision

, 153

social mobility and

, 154–155

Milburn Commission

, 306–307

Minimum Income Guarantee

, 153

Minimum Income Standard (MIS)

, 102, 104

charting income adequacy and living standards

, 110–114

Median Equivalised Income

, 103

as rich description of living standards

, 106–109

thematic analysis of group discussions

, 105

in two key methodological aspects

, 104–105

Minimum living standard

, 52, 102, 104, 109, 110, 114–115

Ministerial Task Force on Health Inequalities (2007)

, 219

Modern Conservatism

, 21

Money

dead

, 46

policies

, 49

role in inequality

, 257–258, 271–281

Multicultural approach

, 289

National Assembly of Wales

, 324, 330

National Audit Office report (NAO report)

, 212

National Citizen Service

, 211

National Housing Federation

, 197–198

National minimum wage

, 43, 153

National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NS-SEC)

, 79, 80, 86, 89

National-level inequalities in United Kingdom

, 82–89

Neo-liberal reforms

, 52

Neoliberalism

, 218, 237

Net disposable income

, 31, 126

See also Disposable incomes

‘New Deal’ welfare-to-work programmes

, 153

New Labour

, 150

and equality

, 150–152

initiatives

, 207

meritocratic project

, 152

National Literacy and Numeracy Strategies

, 210

performance in terms of tackling inequalities

, 207

poverty of expectation

, 213

New Labour record

poverty alleviation

, 152–154

social mobility and meritocratic vision

, 154–155

New Policy Institute (NPI)

, 173

NHS Health Scotland

, 223

Nondiscrimination legislation, development of equality and

, 169

Equality Act (2010)

, 170

LHA reforms

, 174–175

localisation and reducing spending on Council Tax benefit

, 172–173

Public Sector Equality Duty

, 170–171

substantive equality

, 171

Time Limiting Contributory Employment and Support Allowance

, 173–174

Universal Credit implementation

, 175–176

welfare measures

, 171

working-age benefits

, 175

Non-profit organisations (NGOs)

, 293

‘Non-standard’ forms of employment

, 326

Normalization of everyday hardship

, 279

North/South divide

, 60, 61

geopolitical issue

, 67–71

reality and relevance of

, 62–66

Northern England

, 62, 73

Northern Ireland

Catholic/Protestant social inequalities

, 347–351

homosexual acts

, 169

income inequalities

, 342–344

legal frameworks

, 351–355

savings capacity vs. home ownership as indicator

, 344–346

social inequalities in

, 342, 351–355

unemployment rate in

, 346

Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA)

, 347

Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action report (NICVA report)

, 342–345

Northern Ireland Housing Executive

, 350, 352

Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure (NIMDM)

, 343–344

Northern Powerhouse

, 63, 72, 73

Not in education, employment or training (NEET)

, 272

Office for National Statistics (ONS)

, 20, 27, 86, 198, 239

Office of Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister (OPMDPM)

, 342, 347

Operation Black Vote

, 297–298

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

, 23, 29, 41, 44–45, 50, 236–237

Palma ratio

, 307, 311

Paradox of redistribution

, 222

Paris

combating inequalities

, 288

local integration policies

, 292–294

spatial distribution of immigrants

, 291

Part-time penalty

, 236–238

Participatory social minimum

, 104, 106

Patrimonial capitalism

, 78

Pay and prospects gap

, 234

horizontal and vertical segregation

, 238–239

human capital theory

, 235–236

part-time penalty

, 236–238

Pension Credit

, 153

Pensioners

, 34, 105, 107, 108, 112, 153, 172

Persistent poverty

, 32, 34

Personal wealth accumulation

, 46

Policy

to address health inequalities

, 219–221

asylum

, 253

contemporary government

, 49

economic

, 60

education

, 245

gender

, 241–242

homelessness

, 196–197

local dimension into

, 290–292

macroeconomic

, 49

makers

, 168

and planning

, 225–226

Political/politics

, 224–225

consequences

, 310–311

political cleavage

, 21

Post-1979 counterrevolution

, 43

Post-war social democracy

, 43

Poverty

, 21–22, 278

alleviation

, 152–154

drugs

, 272

evolution in United Kingdom

, 25–32

line

, 21

rate

, 31–33

standard measurement of

, 20–25

Predistribution

, 157

Private housing promotion

, 189–194

Pro-equality strategy

, 52–53

Pro-independence parties

, 310

Property value

, 80, 92, 94

Property-owning democracy

, 197

Proportionate universalism

, 218

case-study methods

, 223–224

within context of contemporary welfare debates

, 221–223

findings and discussion

, 224

health inequalities in Scotland

, 218–219

policy and planning

, 225–226

policy to address health inequalities

, 219–221

politics

, 224–225

practicing

, 226–228

Protected characteristics

, 176–178, 298, 329

Equality Duty and

, 171

equality legislation

, 170

impact of measure

, 169

Protestant community in Northern Ireland

, 342

Public Health England documentation (2014)

, 225–226

Public Sector Equality Duties in Equality Act (2010)

, 241

Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED)

, 168, 170–171, 329

Public sector housing investment

, 191

Pupil Premium effect

, 208–211

Quantitative easing (QE)

, 31, 49

Race relations

, 290

Race Relations Act (1965)

, 169

Redistribution

, 44, 157

changes to

, 131

paradox of

, 222

reverse

, 49

service

, 224

within-country

, 141

Refused asylum seeker

, 253, 257, 263

Regional Development Authorities (RDAs)

, 63

Regional Development Strategy

, 353

Regional disparities

, 61, 63, 66, 71

Regionalism

, 73

of discontent

, 69

political

, 72–73

Relative poverty

, 21, 22, 32, 112, 308

‘Rent-seeking’ process

, 46

Responsible capitalism

, 156–158, 162

Road to Wigan Pier, The

, 20

Safe spaces

, 260

Safer Stronger Communities Select Committee

, 296

Savings capacity

, 344–346

Schools

, 206

expanding opportunities at school level (1980–2010)

, 206–208

expanding opportunities at school level (1997)

, 212–213

expanding opportunities at school level (2010–2017)

, 208–212

primary

, 207

secondary

, 207

Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM)

, 234, 245

Scotland

health and education inequalities

, 315–318

health inequalities in

, 218–219

reducing inequalities in

, 305

tackling income inequalities, objective constrained by devolved powers

, 311–315

unequal society

, 306–311

Scotland Act (1998)

, 314

Scottish government

, 219, 223, 312–318

Scottish index of multiple deprivation

, 309

Scottish social security system

, 313

Scottish Socialist Party (SSP)

, 310

Scottish Survey of Numeracy (2015)

, 309

‘Scroungers’

, 258

Second World War

, 40, 42, 52

Segregation

, 187, 198

horizontal and vertical

, 238–239

Sense of safety

, 260–262

Severe deprivation

, 73, 141, 143

Sex Discrimination Act (1975)

, 169, 235

‘Shirkers’

, 258

Shrinking

constituency for equality

, 158–162

disability category

, 263

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

, 142

Social capital

, 78, 80, 81, 94

Social conditions, inequality to

, 136–139

Social contact

, 81, 86, 94, 257, 260

Social Exclusion Unit

, 153, 154

Social housing

, 194–197

Social Housing Sales England (1980–2016)

, 192

Social inclusion

, 105, 139, 306, 353

Social inequalities

, 206

Catholic/Protestant social inequalities in Northern Ireland

, 347–351

income inequalities

, 342–344

legal frameworks and

, 351–355

savings capacity vs. home ownership as indicator

, 344–346

See also Substantive equality; Tackling inequality

Social integration process

, 286–287

Social issues in Northern Ireland

, 353

Social mobility

, 152, 154–155

Social model of disability

, 256

Social-Class Inequalities in Education in England and Scotland (2006)

, 212

Socio-economic

duty

, 330

indicators

, 66

inequality

, 334–336

status

, 218–219

Socio-economically shaped services

, 224

Spatial distribution of immigrants

, 290, 291

St Andrew’s Agreement

, 353

Stormont House Agreement (SHA)

, 354–355

Strategy for Integration (2009)

, 291

Structural and institutional weaknesses at play

, 234–239

Structural integration

, 286–287

Substantive equality

comparators use in equality impact assessments

, 179–180

data issues

, 176–179

development of equality and nondiscrimination legislation

, 169–176

diluting

, 168

impacts of reforms

, 169

See also Social inequalities

Syrian migrants

, 264, 265

Tackling inequality

distribution question

, 43–47

economic impact of inequality

, 41–43

OECD

, 41

secular stagnation

, 50–53

in United Kingdom

, 47–49

See also Social inequalities

Tax

, 49

credits

, 108, 153–154, 175

cuts

, 49

Tax-benefit system

, 121

Thatcherism

, 67, 237

The Executive Office (TEO)

, 354–355

Time Limiting Contributory Employment and Support Allowance

, 173–174

Top quintile share

, 121

Trade-off theory

, 44

Treasury-commissioned reviews

, 186–187

Treasury-driven approach

, 187

Trilemma

, 222–223

UN Convention on Rights of Disabled People

, 262

UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)

, 354

UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

, 241

Unemployment

, 272, 274, 281

in Britain

, 64

of Catholics/Protestants in Northern Ireland

, 349

consequences of

, 278

normalization of everyday hardship

, 279

poverty

, 278

rate in Northern Ireland

, 346

See also Employment

Unequal capabilities

, 309–310

Unequal societies

, 40, 306

income disparities

, 307–309

political consequences

, 310–311

proportion of individuals living in relative poverty

, 308

unequal capabilities

, 309–310

UNISON-Equality Coalition Conference

, 354

United Kingdom (UK)

, 104, 106, 110–111, 120

annual spend on cash benefits

, 142

Conservative and Labour manifestos (2010)

, 102–104

Davies report (2010)

, 245–246

Department for Education

, 237

inter-city patterns of inequality in

, 89–98

labour market

, 48

macroeconomic policy

, 49

National Border Agency

, 295

NEP report

, 328

United Kingdom, inequality in

, 47–49, 50, 82–89, 121–123

changes in inequality (2008–2015)

, 124

changes to redistribution (2008–2014)

, 131

comparing impact of cash benefits and direct taxes

, 124–131

compositional changes

, 131–136

contribution of EU to reducing inequality

, 139–142

country composition by income deciles

, 140

evolution of inequality and poverty in

, 25–32

inequality within EU

, 139

S80/S20 Income Quintile Share Ratio

, 123

social conditions

, 136–139

standard measurement of poverty and inequality

, 20–25

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)

, 330

Universal credit

, 175–176, 313

Universal Infant Free School Meals (UIFSM)

, 209, 210

Universalism

, 222, 317–318

See also Proportionate universalism

Voluntary Action Lewisham funding priorities

, 296–297

Vulnerable groups

, 168

Vulnerable Person’s Relocation Scheme for Syrian nationals

, 256, 264

Wage share

, 45, 46

Wales

, 323

equalities and anti-poverty strategies in

, 328–331

great recession and employment inequality in

, 331–334

hourly pay gap by gender and disability

, 334

non-employment, precarious employment and under-employment by gender and disability

, 332

potential of well-being of future generations

, 334–336

Welsh economic context

, 324–328

Wealth

, 52, 79, 342

creation

, 46

diversion

, 46

inequality

, 20, 22–25, 30–31, 78

Wealth and Assets Survey (WAS)

, 30

Welfare

measures

, 171

reforms

, 168, 171, 176, 177, 182

state

, 221, 229

Welfare Act (2012)

, 195

Welfare Reform Act (2012)

, 252, 263

Well-being of Future Generations Act (2015)

, 334–335

Welsh economic context

, 324

atypical employment

, 326

de-industrialisation

, 324

education

, 328

‘gig’ economy

, 327

GVA

, 325

responding to great recession

, 327

Welsh Labour Market and Great Recession

, 325

White Paper ‘Partnership for Equality’

, 353

Within-country redistribution

, 141

Women’s Budget Group (2016)

, 239

Work

, 28, 44, 49, 51, 199, 221, 258–259, 272, 275–276, 282, 324, 327, 328, 336, 337

childcare and domestic

, 236

family-friendly

, 236

part-time

, 236–237

repeated seasonal

, 277

total reorganisation

, 247

women

, 235

Work Capability Assessment

, 173

Work-Related Activity Group

, 173

Time Limiting Contributory Employment and Support Allowance in

, 173–174

Working Tax Credit

, 153

See also Child Tax Credits; Tax credits

Working-age benefits

, 35, 175, 181

Workless households

, 141

World Economic Forum (2014)

, 40, 239

World Health Organisation (WHO)

, 220, 255

Young people’s perspectives

, 275–276

Youth Investment Fund (YIF)

, 211