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Prelims

Inequalities in the UK

ISBN: 978-1-78714-480-4, eISBN: 978-1-78714-479-8

Publication date: 8 November 2017

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(2017), "Prelims", Fée, D. and Kober-Smith, A. (Ed.) Inequalities in the UK, Emerald Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. i-xx. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78714-479-820171030

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Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2018 Emerald Publishing Limited

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INEQUALITIES IN THE UK: NEW DISCOURSES, EVOLUTIONS AND ACTIONS

Title Page

INEQUALITIES IN THE UK: NEW DISCOURSES, EVOLUTIONS AND ACTIONS

EDITED BY

DAVID FÉE

University of Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3, France

ANÉMONE KOBER-SMITH

University of Paris 13, France

United Kingdom – North America – Japan – India – Malaysia – China

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Emerald Publishing Limited

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First edition 2018

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-78714-480-4 (Print)

ISBN: 978-1-78714-479-8 (Online)

ISBN: 978-1-78714-942-7 (Epub)

List of Figures

Chapter 3
Figure 1 The Evolution of the Employment North/South Divide 65
Chapter 4
Figure 1 GBCS Key Indicators of (a) Economic, (b) Cultural and (c) Social Capital by UK Unitary Authorities. 83
Figure 2 Residuals from an Ordinary Least Squares Regression with % GBCS Elite as Predictor and % NS-SeC 1 as Dependent Variable for 387 Territorial Units Across the United Kingdom 87
Figure 3 Scatterplots of: (a) % NS-SeC 1 Composition against GBCS Social Capital (Status) and (b) % NS-SeC 1 Composition against GBCS Cultural Capital (High), Both at Unitary Authority Level (Counties and Belfast Metropolitan Urban Area for Northern Ireland) 88
Figure 4 The UK’s 20 Largest Built-Up Areas by Population. 90
Figure 5 Gross Value Added (GVA) by NUTS Urban Areas in 2011 and 2015.
Chapter 5
Figure 1 Median Equivalised Income, CPI-adjusted, 2008/09 to 2015/16 (2008/09 = 100). 103
Figure 2 Proportion of Individuals below MIS, by Demographic Groups. 111
Figure 3 Comparison of MIS and Relative Income Indicator, All Individuals (2008/09 = 100). 113
Figure 4 Comparison of MIS and Relative Income Indicator, Children (2008/09 = 100). 113
Chapter 6
Figure 1 Gini Coefficient of Equivalised Disposable Income 2015 – EU-SILC Survey [ilc_di12]. 122
Figure 2 S80/S20 Income Quintile Share Ratio 2015 – EU-SILC Survey [ilc_di11]. 123
Figure 3 Changes in the Gini Coefficient and the 80/20 Ratios 2008–2015. 125
Figure 4 Percentage Changes in the Proportions of Households with Children and Pensioner Households in the Bottom Quintile 2008–2014. 134
Figure 5 Percentage Changes in the Proportion of Households with Children and Pensioner Households in the Top Quintile 2008–2014. 135
Figure 6 Inequality versus Socioeconomic Indicators in EU Countries. 137
Figure 7 Country Composition by Income Deciles in the Total EU Distribution of Disposable Income (2014). 140
Chapter 9
Figure 1 Annual Housing Completions in England 1977–2016. 188
Chapter 13
Figure 1 The Finished Mural in Bristol City Centre. 257
Figure 2 One Person Believed the Sun Was Shining for Some People, but Not for Him. 257
Figure 3 The Mural Shows a Montage of Faces Watching People Working on the Other Side of the Fence. 258
Figure 4 We Are Walking, We Are Tired…This Is Not Our House, We Are Just Looking. We Have No House to Go To. 259
Figure 5 If I See Their Bus I Am Always Panicking … Even to Pass a Police Station I Find It Scary. 261
Figure 6 People Smashed My Head by Stones, They Laughed at Me…In This Country They Don’t Hit You…but They Do Mentally … Is It the Human Right If Somebody Is a Disabled Person to Be Treated in This Way? 261
Chapter 15
Figure 1 Spatial Distribution of Immigrants in the City of London (2011). 290
Figure 2 Spatial Distribution of Immigrants in the City of Paris (2007). 291
Chapter 17
Figure 1 The Welsh Labour Market and the Great Recession. 325
Figure 2 Responding to the Great Recession. 327

List of Graphs

Chapter 1
Graph 1 Trends in Inequality: The Gini Coefficient for Equivalised Household Incomes (Before and After Benefits and Tax Payments; Before and After Housing Costs (BHC, AHC)).
Graph 2 Distribution of Household Income in Per Cent Based on Survey Data. 29
Graph 3 Poverty and Persistent Poverty Rates in the EU and the United Kingdom since the Crisis. 34

List of Maps

Chapter 3
Map 1 Unemployment in Britain, a Question of Scale. 64
Map 2 Results of 2015 General Elections: A Persistent Electoral North/South Divide. 68
Map 3 Constituencies of Members of Cabinet: Labour Ministers of the North versus Conservative Ministers of the South. 70

List of Tables

Chapter 1
Table 1 Selected Figures on Inequality and Poverty in the OECD Countries. 23
Table 2 Key Poverty Rates in the United Kingdom: Trends Since the Mid-1990s. 33
Chapter 4
Table 1 The UK’s 20 Largest Built-up Areas Ranked by GBCS and Census 2011 Populations. 91
Table 2 The UK’s 20 Largest Built-up Areas Ranked by Measures of Economic Capital. 93
Table 3 The UK’s 20 Largest Built-up Areas Ranked by Measures of Cultural (a & b) and Social (c & d) Capital. 95
Table 4 Table of Pearson Correlation Coefficients for GVA 2011 and GBCS Indicators of Inequality at Urban Area Level. 97
Chapter 6
Table 1 Redistributive Impact of Cash Benefits and Direct Taxes on Gini Coefficients (2014). 128
Table 2 Redistributive Impact of Cash Benefits and Taxes 80/20 Ratios (2014). 130
Table 3 Changes in Inequality, as Measured by Gini Coefficient (2008–2014). 132
Table 4 Change in 80/20 Ratios (2008–2014). 133
Chapter 9
Table 1 Housing Corporation/Homes and Communities Agency: Affordable Housing Programme 2003–2014. 188
Table 2 Additional Affordable Dwellings: England, 2003/4 to 2015/16. 190
Table 3 Social Housing Sales England 1980–2016. 192
Table 4 Dwellings by Tenure, England (Percentages). 193
Table 5 Housing Benefit Expenditure Great Britain £ 000s. 194
Chapter 12
Table 1 Gender Pay Gap (GPG) by Occupation. 244
Chapter 16
Table 1 Proportion of Individuals Living in Relative Poverty after Housing Costs in Scotland. 308
Table 2 Income Inequalities in Scotland (All Individuals). 308
Chapter 17
Table 1 Non-Employment, Precarious Employment and Under-Employment by Gender and Disability (%). 332
Table 2 Hourly Pay Gap by Gender and Disability. 334
Chapter 18
Table 1 Unemployment Rate in Northern Ireland, 1998–2017. 346
Table 2 Employment Rates by Sex and by Age, 1998–2017. 346
Table 3 Long-Term Unemployment as Compared to All Unemployment in Northern Ireland, 1998–2017. 346
Table 4 Catholic/Protestant Unemployment in Northern Ireland, 1971–2016.
Table 5 Employment Rates in Northern Ireland LGDs/Religious Composition of LGDs. 349
Table 6 Distribution of Tenure Type Per Denominational Group. 351
Table 7 Waiting Lists for Social Housing Per Denominational Group. 351

Notes on Contributors

Breannon Babbel is a Researcher in Urban Studies at the University of Glasgow, Scotland

Mark Bailoni is Lecturer and Director of the Department of Geography, University of Lorraine, France

Anne Beauvallet is Lecturer in British Studies at Toulouse Jean Jaurès University, France

Emma Bond is Professor of Socio-Technical Research at the University of Suffolk, UK

Jonathan Bradshaw is Emeritus Professor of Social Policy at the University of York, UK

Edwige Camp-Pietrain is Professor of British Studies at the University of Valenciennes, France

Paul Chapman is Urban PlaceMaker at PCEU Consulting Ltd, London

Niall Cunningham is Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography, Durham University, UK

Louise Dalingwater is Lecturer in British Studies at Paris Sorbonne Nouvelle University, France

Rhys Davies is a Research Fellow at the Wales Institute for Social and Economic Research, Data and Methods, Cardiff University, UK

Abigail Davis is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Research in Social Policy, Loughborough University, UK

Fiona Devine is Professor of Sociology and currently Head of Alliance at Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, UK

David Fée is Professor of British Studies at the University of Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3, France

Annette Hastings is Professor of Urban Studies at the University of Glasgow, Scotland

Katherine Hill is Senior Research Associate at the Centre for Research in Social Policy, Loughborough University, UK

Anémone Kober-Smith is Professor of British Studies at the University of Paris 13, France

Stewart Lansley is a Visiting Fellow at the School of Policy Studies, University of Bristol and a Fellow at London’s City University, UK

Mhairi Mackenzie is Professor of Public Policy and Urban Studies at the University of Glasgow, Scotland

Oleksandr Movshuk is Professor at the Faculty of Economics, University of Toyama, Japan

Alan Murie is Emeritus Professor of Urban and Regional Studies at the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK

Matt Padley is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Research in Social Policy, Loughborough University, UK

Alison Parken is Honorary Senior Research Fellow at Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, UK

Valérie Peyronel is Professor in Center for Research on the English-speaking World, University of Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3, France

Simon Roberts is Associate Professor of Public and Social Policy and Lead of the International Centre for Public and Social Policy, University of Nottingham, UK

Markéta Seidlová is Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology, Andragogy and Cultural Anthropology, Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic

Eric Shaw is Honourary Research Fellow at the University of Stirling, UK

Sarah Simpson is an Independent Consultant and Director of EquiACT, and Affiliate Research Fellow at the University of Glasgow, Scotland

Helene Snee is Senior Lecturer in Sociology, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Nicholas Sowels is Lecturer in English for Economics, University of Paris 1 – Panthéon-Sorbonne, France

Bruce Stafford is Head of School and Professor of Public Policy at the School of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Nottingham, UK

Graham Watt is Emeritus Professor of General Practice and Primary Care at the University of Glasgow; Formerly Norie Miller Professor of General Practice at the University of Glasgow

Rebecca Yeo is a PhD candidate at the University of Bath, UK

Prelims
Introduction
Part I Mapping Inequalities in the United Kingdom Today: The Changing Face of Inequalities?
Chapter 1 Economic Inequalities in the United Kingdom Since 2008
Chapter 2 Tackling Inequality is an Economic Imperative
Chapter 3 Inequalities in England: Regional Differences and New Perspectives on a Geopolitical Issue
Chapter 4 ‘A Classless Society?’ Making Sense of Inequalities in the Contemporary United Kingdom with the Great British Class Survey
Chapter 5 What the Minimum Income Standard Tells us About Living Standards in the United Kingdom
Chapter 6 Inequality in the United Kingdom in a Comparative Perspective
Part II The Equality Agenda then and Now: Political Debates, Public Policies and Outcomes
Chapter 7 The Labour Party and the Egalitarian Project
Chapter 8 Diluting Substantive Equality: Why the UK Government doesn’t Know if its Welfare Reforms Promote Equality
Chapter 9 Housing Policy and the Making of Inequality
Chapter 10 Expanding Opportunities at School Level in England in the Early 21st Century: A Government Priority?
Chapter 11 Proportionate Universalism as a Route to Mitigating Health Inequalities? Exploring Political, Policy and Practice Uncertainties in Times of Austerity
Chapter 12 Gender Inequalities in Britain: Bridging the Gap in Pay and Prospects
Chapter 13 Disabled Asylum Seekers as Experimental Subjects in a Broader Systemic Agenda of Inequality
Part III The Governance of Inequality: Local Initiatives and Responses in a Multi-Level Polity
Chapter 14 It’s Terrible Having No Job, People Look Down on You and You’ve Never Enough Money: Lowestoft Case Study
Chapter 15 Combating Unequal Inclusion of Immigrants into the Host Society: Comparing Policy Responses in London and Paris
Chapter 16 Reducing Inequalities in Scotland: Firm Commitments, Mixed Results After 10 Years of SNP Governments
Chapter 17 Devolution, Recession and the Alleviation of Inequality in Wales
Chapter 18 Social Inequalities in Northern Ireland
Index
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