Canada

, 187

Canyou Group

, 82, 98

Capitalist development

, 7

Capitalist Development and Democracy (Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens)

, 7

Central Compilation and Translation Bureau

, 96

Change agents

, 86, 91

Chile

, 4, 21, 62, 281–284, 290, 291, 296, 301, 304

ABC approach

, 180, 182

associative nonprofit organizations and market approaches convergence

, 182–184

businesses and mission-driven business approach convergence

, 184–185

hybrid organizations emergence and re-emergence

, 185–187

analysis

, 191–195

institutional analysis based on Kerlin’s conceptual framework

, 174–175

autonomous diverse model

, 180

government

, 176–177

liberal Chilean culture

, 175–176

liberal pattern for Chilean civil society

, 178, 179t

transition to innovation-driven economy

, 177–178

institutional changes

, 187–191

Kerlin’s conceptual analysis for

, 171

organizational models diversity and institutional changes

, 171–173

Chilean Department of Cooperatives (DECOOP)

, 186

China

, 4, 20, 79–80, 281, 282, 288, 289, 291, 295, 296, 302, 305

British Council case study

, 96

confirmation

, 98–99

funding and implementation

, 97–98

from information seeking to decision on adoption

, 96–97

comparison of case studies

, 99–100

country model for social enterprise in

, 100–101, 102t

discussion

, 103–104

literature review

, 80–85

Nonprofit Incubator (NPI) case study

, 91, 92t, 99

from adoption to restructuring

, 93–94

from agenda setting to knowledge and information seeking

, 93

from innovation to diffusion

, 94–96

mainstreaming and routinizing

, 94

theoretical frameworks

civil society model

, 89–90

culture

, 87, 88t

diffusion of innovation (DOI)

, 86

economic stage

, 90

government types

, 87, 89

international influence

, 90–91

macro-institutional social enterprise (MISE) framework

, 85–86

China Philanthropy Development Center (Shenzhen)

, 85

China Philanthropy Research Institute

, 85

China Social Enterprise and Social Investment Forum (CSESIF)

, 98

China Social Science Academy

, 83

Citizen participatory indicator

, 34

Civilian-run non-enterprise units (CRNE)

, 82

Civil society

, 8–9, 12–15, 170, 174, 231–232, 305

awareness of

, 234

Chilean model of

, 189–190

comparable

, 70

economy and original country models and

, 12, 14–18

exclusion of

, 28

and government and economy, empirical relationship

, 12, 13

inclusion of

, 28

independent variables

, 33–34

indicators

, 34

liberal

, 178, 179t, 180, 188, 189, 268, 269

organizations (CSOs)

, 34, 48, 87, 189, 234

participation

, 34, 40–44, 48

post-authoritarian

, 157, 292b, 301

Salamon and Sokolowski’s models of sector structure of

, 13t

sectors

, 12

statist model

, 67, 100, 189, 294

Civil Society Research Center (Beijing University)

, 85

Collectivism

, 11, 28, 44, 86, 104, 149–150, 175–176, 212, 230, 283, 284, 286, 288, 299, 300, 303

in-group

, 36, 66, 87, 230, 265

Commercial Act (South Korea)

, 54

Commodification, by storytelling

, 241

Commodity networks

, 242

Community of Solidarity Organizations

, 183

Competitiveness, definition of

, 35

Conservative welfare regime

, 60

Consumer Cooperative Act (South Korea)

, 54

Conventional businesses

, 31

Cooperative government–business relationship

, 58

Cooperatives

, 82, 127–129, 132, 186, 189, 206, 283, 289

economic indicators for

, 128t

see also individual cooperatives

Corporate social responsibility (CSR)

, 184

Corporate Tax Act (South Korea)

, 54

Coskun, M. E.

, 4

Country-level institutional factors

, 140

Creating shared value (CSV)

, 184

Croatia

, 114

Cultural dimensions

, 149

Culture and entrepreneurship

, 11–12

Cultures and Organizations (Hofstede et al)

, 36

Czech Republic

, 114

Deferred democratization civil society model

, 12–15

Democratic governance

, 8

Denmark

, 178

Dependent focused social enterprise model

, 17–18, 158, 162, 190, 293b, 297, 302

Developmental state

, 61–63

political–economic system and welfare regime

, 59–61

scholarly discussions on

, 57–58

Development Assistance Committee’s (DAC)

, 33

Diffusion of innovation (DOI)

, 86, 91, 95

by British Council

, 97f

by Nonprofit Incubator (NPI)

, 94f

Director of Shanghai Civil Affairs

, 93

Discursive institutionalism

, 256–258, 261, 265, 272–274

Efficiency-driven economy

, 10, 11, 17, 35, 62, 65, 90, 100, 177, 191, 292b, 297, 301, 305

EMES, Spain

, 142

Employees’ Mutual Aid Associations (EMAAs)

, 124

Enmeshed focused social enterprise model

, 17–18, 270, 273, 290, 293b

Esping-Andersen’s framework

, 60

European Commission

, 153

European Social Enterprise Research Network (EMES)

, 207

European Social Fund (ESF)

, 122, 207

European Union

, 158

Eurostat

, 111, 114

Explicit social enterprise

, 32

Factor-driven economy

, 10, 11, 17, 35, 62, 65, 177, 190, 231, 305

Farmers’ Specialized Cooperative Law (China)

, 82

Farmers’ Specialized Cooperatives (FSC)

, 81, 82, 101, 103, 295

Financial capital

, 240

Finding Australia’s Social Enterprise Sector (FASES)

, 263, 264

Finnish Association of People with Physical Disabilities

, 240

Five Models of Civil Society Sectors

, 110

Ford Foundation

, 93

Formal institutions

, 5, 28

fixed effects

, 40–43

For-profit firms

, 31

Fragmented Authoritarianism

, 103

Framework Act on Cooperatives (South Korea)

, 54

Franco, Francisco

, 145, 149, 301

Germany

, 213

Gillard, J.

, 270

Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)

, 33, 35, 90, 231

Global Competitiveness Report (GCR)

, 9–10, 62, 65, 90, 111, 152, 177

criteria for economic development stages

, 10t

Global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM)

, 3, 4, 10, 28, 31, 32, 45, 149, 259

Adult Population Survey (2009)

, 30

Global Health Expenditure Database

, 35

Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE)

, 35–36, 65–66, 87, 210

Research Program survey on culture

, 33

Government and economy

and civil society, empirical relationship

, 12, 13

and entrepreneurship, empirical relationship

, 9–11

Hierarchical linear modeling

, 29

Historical institutionalism

, 28, 110, 219, 226, 245–246, 256, 271–272

embedding discourse in

, 260–261

and social enterprise

, 224–225

theory of

, 6–8

Hofstede Centre

, 33

How to Change the World (Bornstein)

, 96

Hungary

, 114

Immaterial capital

, 240

Implicit social enterprise

, 32

India

, 223, 299

Individualism

, 11, 14, 36, 40, 41, 44, 87, 149, 175–176, 212, 283, 286, 288, 299, 300, 303

Informal institutions

, 5, 28

fixed effects

, 38–40

In-group collectivism

, 36, 66, 87, 230, 265

Innovation-driven economy

, 10, 11, 18, 35, 62, 65, 86, 158, 177–178, 191, 269, 293b, 294b, 302, 305

transition to

, 177–178

Institutional theory

, 27

Institutions, concept of

, 5

International aid

, 37

Italy

, 15t, 16t, 64, 66, 68–69t, 88t, 213–214, 231

Japan

, 58, 63

John Hopkins Centre for Civil Society Studies

, 121

John Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Project

, 111, 268

Latin America

, 63

Latvia

, 114

Liberal civil society model

, 12, 13, 18

Liberal welfare regime

, 60

Lithuania

, 114

Local Tax Act (South Korea)

, 54

Macro-institutional processes and causal paths

, 64–65, 64f

Macro-institutional social enterprise (MISE)

, 80, 85–86, 90, 219, 225, 226, 306

framework

, 1–6, 28

application

, 229–232

critiques of

, 18–19

culture and entrepreneurship

, 11–12

economy, civil society, and original country models

, 12, 14–18

government and economy

, 9–13

historical institutionalism, theory of

, 6–8

and micro-interactive approach to social enterprise

, 244–245

original

, 8–9

framework revising

, 281–282

country models new insights

, 291–301

new applications

, 301–302

social enterprise development additional influences and

, 282–290

Macro-level institutions

, 5, 258–259, 286, 298

María Arizmendiarrieta, José

, 145

Mercantilism

, 59

Meso-level institutions

, 5, 286, 289, 302–304, 306

Microcredit

, 83–84

Micro-level institutions

, 5, 225, 286, 289, 290, 302–304, 306

Ministry of Health & Social Welfare (South Korea)

, 58

Ministry of International Trade and Industry (South Korea)

, 58

Ministry of Labor (South Korea)

, 54, 55

Mondragón cooperative group (Spain)

, 145

Monroe-White, T.

, 4

Montalva, Eduardo Frei

, 189

Multilevel modeling

, 38

Mutual aid associations

, 124–125, 126t

economic indicators for

, 126t

Narada Foundation

, 85, 93, 98

National Agency for Economic and Regional Growth (Sweden)

, 207

National Bank of Romania

, 124

National Basic Living Security Act (2000) (South Korea)

, 52, 58, 60

National Institute for the Promotion of Social Economy (Instituto Nacional de Fomento de la Economía Social, INFES) (Spain)

, 146

National Institute of Statistics (NIS)

, 111, 119, 122, 125

Neighborhood Board Act (Chile)

, 188

Neoliberal economic model

, 175–176, 283

NESsT

, 183

New Community Movement (Saemaeul Undong)

, 57

New Zealand

, 178, 187

Nongovernmental organizations

, 119, 121–124

economic indicators for

, 123t

Nonprofit firms

, 31

Nonprofit Incubator (NPI) case study

, 91, 92t, 99, 289

from adoption to restructuring

, 93–94

from agenda setting to knowledge and information seeking

, 93

from innovation to diffusion

, 94–96

mainstreaming and routinizing

, 94

programs (2006–2012)

, 92t

Nonprofit organizations

, 31, 54–55, 67, 70, 84–85, 89, 93, 95, 99, 101, 110, 119, 121–122, 154–155, 182–184, 196, 201–202, 205–207, 210, 211, 213, 268, 295, 297

Nonprofit sector–state relationship

, 110

Organization, definition of

, 31–32

Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD)

, 33

Parlinfo tool

, 264

Participative citizenship

, 34, 40–44, 48, 144, 150, 154, 213, 214

Pensioners’ Mutual Aid Associations (PMAAs)

, 124, 132

Percent sales

, 32

Pinochet, A.

, 283

Poland

, 114

Political–economic system and welfare regime

, 59–61

Post-authoritarian civil society

, 157

Postmaterialism

, 37, 287–288

Power, significance of

, 6, 28, 256

Power distance (PDI)

, 36, 38, 41

Production cooperative (Reventós) (Spain)

, 145

ProHumana

, 185

Quantitative assessment

, 27–29

analysis

, 37–38

data

dependent variable

, 30–32

independent variables

, 33–37

discussion

, 43–44

formal institutional fixed effects

, 40–43

informal institutional fixed effects

, 38–40

limitations

, 44–45

methodology

, 29–30

Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI)

, 153, 160

REGIS database, NIS

, 111–112

Restriction of Special Taxation Act (South Korea)

, 54

The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur (Leadbeater)

, 96

Romania

, 4, 20, 109–112, 282, 291, 296–297, 305

cooperatives

, 127–129

mutual aid associations

, 124–125, 126t

nongovernmental organizations

, 119, 121–124

social economy actors in

, 120t

social enterprise model

, 129–133

welfare state profile in CEE countries overview and

, 112–119, 120t

Rudd, K.

, 270

Rural social enterprise

, 223–224, 239

interaction with spatial context

, 237–238

outcomes of

, 242–243

Satterthwaite approximation

, 37

Self-control type, of relationship

, 58

Semi-Strategic Focused model

, 100, 103, 104, 294b, 305

Sequential mixed methods

, 227

Shanghai Civil Affairs Bureau

, 95

Shanghai Venture Philanthropy Competition

, 95

Simon de Sirene

, 183

Singapore

, 58

Sistema B

, 184, 185

Slovakia

, 114

Slovenia

, 114

Social action

, 160

Social capital

, 133

and community capital

, 238–240

Social change

, 169–171

Social contracting

, 113

Social-democratic civil society model

, 12–15

Social democratic regime

, 60

Social economy

, 50, 53, 62, 70, 79, 298

in Romania

, 111–119, 120t, 122, 124, 127, 129–134

in Spain

, 141–147, 149–151, 156–159, 161–163

Social Economy Act (2011) (Spain)

, 143, 147

Social Employment Project (2003) (South Korea)

, 58

Social enterprise

ABC approach for

, 192t

active certified

, 56f

Alter’s typology of

, 30f

as blurring economy traditional sector boundaries

, 169–171

characteristics

, 69t, 102t, 161t, 267t

Chilean institutional context

, 181t

convergence and emergence dynamics on

, 187f

definitions of

, 4–5, 30, 31, 53, 79, 85, 139, 170, 220

explicit

, 32

growth and trends of related organizations

, 83f

and historical institutionalism

, 224–225

implicit

, 32

models

, 17–18

China case mapping

, 101t

country models

, 14–16t, 292–294b, 305t

macro-institutional processes and causal paths

, 9f, 64f

reduced, with institutional variables predicting

, 41t

South Korean case mapping

, 72t

newly registered and surviving

, 56f

organizations

, 30

versions

, 208f

Social Enterprise: A Global Comparison (Kerlin)

, 3

Social Enterprise Journal

, 4, 30

Social Enterprise Promotion Act (SEPA) (2006)

, 52, 53, 67, 70, 291

Social Enterprise Research Center

, 85

Social Enterprise Support Committee (South Korea)

, 54

Social Entrepreneur Award Program (British Council

, 97

Social entrepreneur program, by British Council

, 99

Social inclusion

, 272

Social Investment Platform

, 97

Social issues conceptualization, in rural sub-Saharan Africa

, 220–221

socio-spatial context

, 221–223

Social norms

, 243

Social organizations

, 31–32

“Social origin” theory

, 110

Social revolutions

, 7

Social value

, 242

Social Welfare Enterprises (SWEs)

, 81–82, 101, 103

Social Welfare Service Act (South Korea)

, 54

Socioeconomic Council of Spain (Consejo Económico y Social de España, CES)

, 146

South Korea

, 4, 20, 49–52, 88t, 282, 291, 294–295, 305

comparative institutionalism framework

application

, 63–70

implications

, 71–73

developmental state

, 57–63

discussion

, 73–74

public policies

, 52–57

Spain

, 4, 20, 139–141, 156t, 281, 282, 288–289, 301–302, 304

Kerlin’s framework application to

, 147–148

civil society analysis

, 154–155

context, culture, and society analysis

, 148–150

economy analysis

, 151–153

government and political context analysis

, 150–151

international influences

, 155–156

national model of social enterprise and evolution over time

, 157–159

regional differences

, 159–161

social enterprise characteristics for

, 161

social enterprises overview

concept

, 141–142

historical development of field

, 145–147

Spanish social enterprise mapping complexity

, 142–145

Spanish Federation of Social Economy Entities (Confederación Empresarial Española de Economía Social, CEPES)

, 146

State autonomy

, 59, 61

State-control

, 58

State institutions

, 7

States and Social Revolutions (Skocpol)

, 7

Strategic Diverse model

, 86, 294b, 295, 305

semi-

, 296

Support for Non-Profit Private Organizations Act (South Korea)

, 54

Sustainable subsistence model

, 14, 17, 292b, 299, 300, 305

Sweden

, 4, 15t, 16t, 64, 66, 68–69t, 88t, 201–203, 205f, 231, 265, 268, 281, 282, 286, 287, 303

institutional factors

, 209–211

pragmatism

, 213–214

social enterprises ecosystem

, 208–209

social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in

, 203

social enterprise versions emergence

, 206–208

welfare state development

, 203–204

welfare state under transition

, 204–205

values and norms

, 211–213

Swedish Confederation of Enterprise

, 204

Swedish Trade Union Confederation

, 204

Switzerland

, 178

Synthetic institutionalism

, 260

Taiwan

, 58

Top-down approach

, 262

Trust-in-others variable

, 37

Tukosepo B Interest Group

, 239

UNCAR Federation

, 125

Uncertainty avoidance (UNCRTA)

, 36, 40, 87, 149, 150, 175, 230, 265

United Kingdom

, 178, 187, 271

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

, 90, 259

Institute for Statistics

, 35

United States

, 15t, 16t, 64, 66, 68–69t, 88t, 223, 231, 265, 268, 299, 300

Uruguay

, 62

V-Dem civil society participation indicator

, 34

V-Dem Codebook (Coppedge et al)

, 34

V-Dem Institute

, 33

Venture philanthropy

, 95

Weavers’ Association (Asociación de Tejedores) (Spain)

, 145

Weavers’ Industrial Company (Compañía Fabril de Tejedores) (Spain)

, 145

Welfare partnership civil society model

, 12–15

Welfare state

independent variable

, 34–35

profile in CEE countries, overview of

, 112–119, 120t

regime typology

, 60

Work integration social enterprise (WISE)

, 118, 132–134, 207

World Bank

, 33, 35, 111, 221, 259

World Development Index (WDI)

, 33

World Economic Forum

, 33

World Governance Indicators

, 231

World Health Organization (WHO)

, 35, 90

World Values Survey

, 33, 37, 212, 287, 299

Xiaoshan Du

, 83

You Change Foundation

, 97

Zambia

, 4, 21, 219, 281, 282, 285, 288, 291, 298, 300, 303, 305

discussion

MISE framework and micro-interactive approach to social enterprise

, 244–245

findings

, 229

MISE framework application

, 229–232

primary data collection

, 232–243

sample frame

, 228–229

social and economic information on

, 231t

social ventures methodology in

, 226–228

Zhao Lu

, 93

Zhun Yu

, 98

Zimbabwe

, 15t, 16t, 64, 66, 68–69t, 88t, 231–233, 259