TY  - JOUR
AB  - Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to suggest symbiosis could be a metaphor for finding ways to help countries that are challenged to become economically and socially viable. Beer's viable system model (VSM), which also has biological roots could be applied to look for gaps in the conditions for viability and to seek to fill them through collaborative arrangements.Design/methodology/approach– This is a conceptual paper suggesting various symbiotic processes in biology could inform actions in the social environment.Findings– Concepts from biological and environmental sciences can be applied to social conditions. The viable system model provides a framework for such applications.Research limitations/implications– This paper presents general ideas and some examples of possibilities for symbiotic collaboration. Opportunities for symbiosis to be applied to the social arena would emerge through exploration of local conditions.Practical implications– Much could be accomplished at various scales through imaginative collaboration. The natural world provides models and metaphors to stimulate thinking about collaboration.Originality/value– The author suggests that the phenomenon of symbiosis in the natural world could provide useful concepts to apply to situations where countries and regions that are not viable or viable enough in the global marketplace. The VSM is discussed regarding a framework to integrate opportunities for collaboration.
VL  - 36
IS  - 5/6
SN  - 0368-492X
DO  - 10.1108/03684920710749677
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920710749677
AU  - Leonard Allenna
PY  - 2007
Y1  - 2007/01/01
TI  - Symbiosis and the viable system model
T2  - Kybernetes
PB  - Emerald Group Publishing Limited
SP  - 571
EP  - 582
Y2  - 2024/04/24
ER  -