The effect of polypropylene fibres within concrete with regard to fire performance in structures

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of various polypropylene fibre additions (types and volume) to concrete with regard to explosive spalling when subject to high temperatures similar to those experienced in building or tunnel fires.

Design/methodology/approach

Medium strength concrete was manufactured with varying proportions of polypropylene fibres. Plain control samples were used to determine the original concrete strength and this was used as a benchmark following high temperature heat tests to evaluate the surface condition and final compressive strength. A pilot study was used to determine an appropriate heat source for the test. This was three Bunsen burners, however sufficient heat could not be generated within 150 mm concrete cubes and the concrete was shown to be a significant insulator and fire protection for structural members. The concrete test cubes were tested in a saturated condition which may reflect conditions where concrete is used in an external environment and thus is subject to soaking.

Findings

One hundred and fifty millimetre concrete cubes with and without fibres were placed into a furnace at 1,000°C. Explosive spalling was shown to be reduced with the use of polypropylene fibres but the final compressive strength of concrete was significantly reduced and had little residual structural value after a two hour period of heating.

Research limitations/implications

As the concrete tested was saturated, this condition provided a worst case scenario with regards to the build up of hydrostatic and vapour pressure within the cube. A range of percentage moisture contents would produce a more evenly balanced view of the effects of fibres in concrete. A single grade of concrete was used for the test. As the permeability of concrete influences the rate at which steam can escape from the interior of a saturated concrete cube, testing a range of concrete strengths would show this aspect of material performance with regard to spalling and final residual strength. Further research is recommended with regard to moisture contents, strengths of concrete and a range of temperatures.

Practical implications

This research has significance for the designer, in that buildings subject to terrorist activity may suffer from impact damage and an outbreak of fire following the initial attack.

Originality/value

The use of polypropylene fibres in concrete to provide anti spalling qualities is relatively new and this research adds to the knowledge regarding fibre type and volume with regard to first spall time, total area and number of areas subject to spalling and the final compressive strength of concrete following two hours of raised temperatures.

Citation

Richardson, A. and Dave, U.V. (2008), "The effect of polypropylene fibres within concrete with regard to fire performance in structures", Structural Survey, Vol. 26 No. 5, pp. 435-444. https://doi.org/10.1108/02630800810922775