Search results

The foundation collection of the printed books now forming the Library of the British Museum was that of Sir Hans Sloane. This comprised about 40,000 volumes. To it was added in 1759 the Royal collection, begun in the time of Henry VII and inherited by George II from his predecessors on the throne.

Much of the extant research, practice and policy in engineering education has focused on the limited persistence, waning interest and lack of preparation among Black students to continue beyond the post-secondary engineering pipeline. However, this research suggests that many Black PhD students persist and succeed in engineering, fueled by various motivational strengths. To better understand the motivations of Black students in engineering doctoral programs, this study aims to explore the factors that influence their decision to enroll in either an engineering or a computing doctoral program.

This paper uses an intrinsic and extrinsic motivational framework to investigate the inspiration of 44 Black engineering doctoral students in PhD engineering programs in 11 engineering schools across the country.

Results show that the participants’ motivation to pursue a PhD in engineering comes from several distinct factors, including the following: an unyielding passion for their particular discipline, a sense of responsibility to serve marginalized peoples and society, a path toward autonomy, pre-PhD mentorship and research opportunities and family and prior work experience.

Based on this study’s findings, a reconceptualization of graduate engineering education that incorporates the importance of “being Black” and its relationships with motivating and, potentially, retaining Black science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) students is also offered.

This paper seeks to expose particular constructs and behaviors surrounding Black students’ motivation to learn and achieve in engineering at the highest academic levels, offering a more nuanced perspective than currently is found in traditional engineering education literature.

Three years into the sustainable development goals (SDGs), it is clear that the broad aims of the SDGs remain a work in progress. The ambitious project, with its vision to inspire a wide range of educational goals and ensure that all children attain quality education, is often narrowed down to student achievement in mathematics and reading. To some, this is not surprising; among many in the comparative and international education community, critics were concerned that SDG 4.1 would dominate the agenda. The prioritization of achievement and the movement away from the earlier focus on access makes one wonder if some children will be forgotten. This chapter details how the SDGs have been narrowed and how that impacts the most marginalized. Although choices prioritizing time and resources to some targets over others are pragmatic in nature, that does not mean they are without tradeoffs. In a world where education has become the major stratifier and growth in education has been concentrated in the middle and upper classes, those remaining out of school are at a greater disadvantage. The second half of this chapter will review empirical work that describes the disadvantaged characteristics of the increasingly entrenched, less educated class; greater health risks; decreased access to knowledge and technology; and increased fear of the cultural other. Research plays an important role in ensuring the wide-ranging goals of the SDGs are not forgotten by highlighting this more marginalized group and maintaining a focus on the broader social and personal goals of education.

This chapter presents a theoretical and historical account of the OECD policy diffusion mechanisms, specifically addressing their influence on teacher policy. In order to present our argument, the chapter is divided in three sections. First, we present a historical description of how the Directorate of Education and Skills of the OECD has become a central figure in global policy discussions. Then, we address the particular mechanisms through which the OECD is able to expand their influence. We argue that the scientific validation of their recommendations through country reviews and the invitation to participate in large-scale studies and surveys, such as the Programme for International Students Assessment (PISA) and the Teaching and Learning Survey (TALIS), have become pivotal for communicating policy messages concerning teacher quality and development. Next, we argue that while OECD recommendations are engrained in notions of human capital, their work on teachers has incorporated elements of professional capital. Additionally, we stress how the influence of social science and large-scale survey studies has contributed to the development of a concept of teacher professionalization promoted by the OECD.

Part II and last MECHETTI. Vienna FOUNDED in 1795 by Carlo Mechetti as a dealer; since 1807 in partnership with his nephew, Pietro; the publishing firm styled Carlo Mechetti & Neffe in 1809; after Carlo's death in 1811, Pietro became sole owner; he was succeeded in 1850 by his widow, Therese; c. 1855 the firm was taken over by A. Diabelli & co. (cp. Peter Cappi).

Traditional remedies for police misconduct, such as exclusion of evidence illegally seized from the defendant’s trial, permit the offending officer to remain in law enforcement. In most other professions, removal of the license or certificate of the offending professional has been a traditional remedy for serious misconduct. “Decertification” of peace officers is a relatively recent phenomenon. Presents an analysis of changing dimensions of decertification authority among states from 1985 to 1995. National patterns indicated a substantial strengthening of decertification authority and decertification practices among states. The largest movement of states was into the broad revocation category and a majority of states were found to have such authority. Finds that innovative decertification practices concerning departmental reporting requirements about police officers’ conduct to a state board and qualified immunity for police chiefs’ “good faith” reporting about employees alter relationships between local agencies and state boards. Demonstrates that police officer decertification is a national movement.

Those local authorities in this country who have been carrying out extensive training courses for food handlers must, at this time of the year with annual estimates fresh in their minds, together with frequent exhortations for economy, give much thought to the ultimate results of their efforts. In order to proceed further with this analysis, it is necessary to divide the authorities into three main groups: (1) those that have had a comprehensive system embracing lectures to all types of food handlers in hotels, food shops, fishmongers, bakers and greengrocers, etc.; (2) those who are content with one or two public lectures, or those whose campaigns take the form of a Clean Food Week; and finally (3) those who have no organised training programme, do not intend to have one and rely entirely on visits by Health Officers to advise and enforce the necessary Acts and local bye‐laws. It is imperative that a system of regular and thorough inspection of these premises be carried out at least once every three months, irrespective of what type of auxiliary training and lectures are put into force. Those officers who have spent a great deal of time in taking these courses and lecturing have found that there are many people who will not ask questions in front of an audience and to these advice during inspection is of the utmost importance. Particular difficulties in relation to equipment and layout can often be solved on the premises which would not be possible at a lecture even if the food handler would put his questions forward at that time. In order to check improvements, division into the three groups above will assist in assessing the achievements in any training programme. The consensus of opinion among health authorities in this country shows that comprehensive training programmes do pay good dividends. Later inspections show that there are improved conditions in food shops and improved working relations between the food industry and the local health department and, most important of all, increased public interest in, and support for, the cleaner food ideal. This assessment has also been borne out by the experience of authorities in the United States of America. In one large city in Columbia, 70 per cent of the staff of the licensed restaurants had completed training courses and one was interested to learn that in the “ A” restaurants the Health Department had issued tabs to be attached to menus which read: “ Our dishes and utensils are sanitised; our employees are trained; our kitchen invites your inspection”. Of particular interest in this respect is the attention paid to catering at fairs, a very thorny problem in this country. The Missouri Division of Health have stated that, during the past four years, there has not been a single reported case of food poisoning and that this has been accomplished, not only by means of regulations, but with constant supervision and a mobile laboratory that follows the fairs. It also stresses the value of dispensable paper cups and dishes that obviate the necessity for washing and sterilising facilities, often most difficult to obtain with mobile fairs and peripatetic catering. In one county in Kansas courses are planned by the Public Health Department and the Adult Education Sections of the Schools. All food handlers are required to have a card saying that they have successfully completed the course and this card is valid for one year only and personnel must complete a refresher course before obtaining a new card. The rates of improvement vary considerably but in all authorities in the United States of America, where comprehensive programmes have been carried out over a few years, definite improvement has been found in food handling. This is not the only aspect that must be considered at the present time. The potentiality of highly trained staff is of the utmost value in case of emergency. This was demonstrated in the very serious flooding that occurred in Kansas inundating hundreds of houses and disorganising public services. This problem arose at very short notice and the fact stressed by the State Board of Health was that, although the crisis lasted from a period of weeks to several months, not a single case of disease was traced to water supplies or to food. These emergency measures are undoubtedly the most stringent test of public health organisation and of the efficiency of those who handle and distribute food. In such cases, there is never sufficient time to start any scheme of training, but, with skilled staff, the spate of illnesses, such as typhoid, dysentery, etc., that invariably accompanied such occurrences could be reduced, if not eliminated, where efficient schemes of training have been carried out. When assessing the value of food training courses in such an emergency, one is forced by present conditions to think again of how it will fit in with Civil Defence requirements. The experience of the last war showed that the task of feeding large numbers of evacuees is a tremendous problem. It is not sufficient merely to have stores of food at strategic points, but trained people must be available who can not only make the most use of the food, but will know how to reduce the incidence of food poisoning or transference of infection when dealing with communal feeding of this type. To the foregoing must be added the risk that power and fuel might be cut off and also other main services. Then washing and sterilisation of equipment would not be possible. Experienced workers in this sphere will, prior to such conditions, have plans in hand that will cover all these contingencies. It may be necessary to feed homeless exacuees, Civil Defence workers operating in devastated areas, and even distribute food for the remaining citizens in towns where normal services have ceased to exist. It is in these circumstances that the food handler who has had thorough training will be able to carry on, well knowing the risks and taking every precaution to avoid the spread of infection and consequent epidemics.

Definitions of pooling effects in insurance companies may convey the impression that the achieved risk reduction effect will be beneficial for policyholders, since typically lower premiums are paid for the same safety level with an increasing number of insureds, or a higher safety level is achieved for a given premium level for all pool members. However, this view is misleading and the purpose of this paper is to reexamine this apparent merit of pooling from the policyholder's perspective.

This is achieved by comparing several valuation approaches for the policyholders' claims using different assumptions of the individual policyholder's ability to replicate the contract's cash flows and claims.

The paper shows that the two considered definitions of risk pooling do not offer insight into the question of whether pooling is actually beneficial for policyholders.

The paper contributes to the literature by extending and combining previous work, focusing on the merits of pooling claims (using the two definitions above) from the policyholder's perspective using different valuation approaches.

Before I arrive at discussing the fundamentals of music bibliography I think we should take a very close look at the word ‘bibliography’ and make sure that we know what it really means. In countless books and dictionaries I have looked up the definition, and the general consensus of opinion is that it may have two meanings. Firstly, a list of books relating to a given subject or author and, secondly, the careful and accurate description of certain books, either by an author or on a specific subject, with literal transcriptions of the title‐pages, sufficient information for identification between one edition or issue and another, size, gatherings, pages, measurements, and so forth. This is a fact of which I need not remind a company of librarians, but I want to make a clear distinction between the two forms that a bibliography may have. Personally, I do not care for the first meaning at all and can never stretch my imagination so far as to flatter a mere list of books by calling it a bibliography. It is not a bibliography at all, it is a checklist, a simple list of books for guidance to the reader wanting to refer to other books on the same subject or, alternatively, by the same author. In Mr. Arundell Esdaile's A student's manual of bibliography (Allen & Unwin, 1931) all such are called ‘List of Books’, and this, I maintain, is the correct heading. A bibliography is something far larger, more involved, intricate, and detailed. The new Grove uses the word ‘bibliography’ for a list of books about a composer, and a list of works composed by the composer is designated ‘Catalogue of Works’.